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Anatomy > Skeletal Systems I: Bone Histology > Flashcards

Skeletal Systems I: Bone Histology Flashcards

1
Q

function of bone

A
  • support
  • protection
  • movement
  • blood cell production
  • storage
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2
Q

bone support

A
  • structural framework

- supports/supported by soft tissues (muscles, organs)

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3
Q

bone protection

A

-protects internal organs

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4
Q

bone movement

A
  • muscle to bone via tendons

- contraction muscle causes bone to move

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5
Q

bone blood cell production

A
  • medullary cavity

- “red marrow”

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6
Q

bone blood cell production medullary cavity

A

-hollow space inside bones

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7
Q

bone blood cell production red marrow

A

-produces new blood cells

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8
Q

bone storage

A

-consists of fats and minerals

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9
Q

bone storage fat

A
  • “yellow marrow” of long bones

- in medullary cavity

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10
Q

bone storage minerals

A
  • in matrix of bone tissue
  • mostly calcium and phosphate
  • other minerals in smaller amounts
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11
Q

bone matrix composition

A
  • inorganic matrix (nonliving portion)

- organic matrix (living portion)

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12
Q

bone matrix composition inorganic matrix

A
  • 2//3 of total bone mass
  • calcium and phosphate salts –> hydroxyapatite crystals
  • crystals deposit around collagen fibers
  • principle source of rigidity and strength against compression
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13
Q

bone matrix composition organic matrix

A
  • 1/3 of total mass
  • cells, collagen, and intercellular matrix
  • provides resistance to twisting and stretching
  • provides degree of elasticity
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14
Q

types of bone arrangement

A
  • compact (cortical) bone

- spongy bone (cancellous)

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15
Q

compact bone

A
  • dense and solid
  • comprises outer surface of bones
  • primary component of long bone shafts
  • bone shafts are very close together
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16
Q

spongy bone

A
  • contains wide spaces in bone that resemble “holes” in a sponge
  • holes are filled with red marrow
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17
Q

bone membrane types

A
  • periosteum

- endosteum

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18
Q

periosteum bone membrane

A
  • protective outer CT covering

- entry point: nerves/vessels

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19
Q

endosteum bone membrane

A

-inner lining of bone found within medullary cavity (hollow space within)

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20
Q

bone cell types

A
  • osteocyte
  • osteoblast
  • osteoclast
  • chondroblasts and chondrocytes
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21
Q

osteocyte

A

-mature bone cell, resides in a space called lacunae

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22
Q

lacunae

A

-cell sized empty spaces

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23
Q

osteoblast

A
  • cell which helps form bone by producing osteoid (the organic component of bone matrix
  • produces osteocytes (found in lacunae)
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24
Q

osteoclast

A
  • resorption

- freed minerals enter blood stream

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25
Q

resorption

A

-break down bone with enzymes

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26
Q

chondroblasts and chondrocytes

A
  • lay down cartilage model which ossifies (connected to bone)
  • active during phases of growth and repair (constantly repairing)
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27
Q

another name for osteon

A

-haversian system

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28
Q

osteon definition

A

-the basic functional and structural unit of mature bone

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29
Q

osteon characteristics

A
  • long cylindrical structures
  • oriented parallel to the long axis of a bone
  • arranged in a pattern that allows bone to withstand compression and torsion (“miniature weight bearing pillars”)
30
Q

torsion

A

another name for twisting

31
Q

structural components of an osteon

A
  • concentric lamellae
  • haversian (central) canal
  • canaliculi (small channels)
  • perforating (volkmann’s) canals
  • *all have a rich blood supply
32
Q

osteogenesis

A

-bone formation and development

33
Q

processes of bone formation

A
  • ossification

- calcification

34
Q

ossification

A

-osteoblasts secrete osteoid (inorganic part of matrix)

35
Q

calcification

A
  • deposition of insoluble calcium salts (inorganic component of bone)
  • results in hardening of bone
36
Q

types of bone formation

A
  • intramembranous bone

- endochondral bone

37
Q

intramembranous bone formation

A
  • osteoblasts form bone in a connective tissue membrane
  • early in fetal development
  • in bones, required for protection
38
Q

intramembranous bone formation example

A

-flat bones of the skull

39
Q

endochondral bone formation

A
  • begins with hyaline cartilage model
  • osteoblasts gradually replace model with bone
  • process may occur up to age 25
  • most of the skeleton is formed this way
40
Q

endochondral bone formation example

A
  • rib
  • femur
  • phalanges
41
Q

factors regulating bone growth

A
  • nutritional requirements

- hormonal regulation

42
Q

nutritional requirements regulating bone growth

A
  • calcium and phosphate salts
  • vitamins A and C
  • vitamin D
43
Q

nutritional requirements: vitamin A and C

A

-healthy osteoblast production

44
Q

nutritional requirements: vitamin D

A

-affects calcium absorption and transport

45
Q

types of hormones that regulate bone growth

A
  • parathyroid hormone
  • calcitonin
  • growth hormone
  • sex hormones
46
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

-stimulates osteoclasts and increases Ca absorption in GI system

47
Q

calcitonin

A
  • inhibits osteoclasts

- produced in thyroid gland

48
Q

growth hormone

A

-promotes growth

49
Q

sex hormones

A
  • estrogen and testosterone

- ->stimulate osteoblasts

50
Q

types of bones

A
  • flat bones
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • irregular bones
  • sesamoid bone
51
Q

flat bone

A

-composed of layer of spongy bone surrounded by two plates of compact bone

52
Q

flat bone examples

A
  • parietal
  • sternum
  • rib
53
Q

long bone

A
  • longer, narrower
  • shaft=compact one (diaphysis)
  • ends (epiphysis) primarily spongy
54
Q

long bone examples

A
  • femur
  • humerus
  • phalanges
55
Q

short bone

A

-spongy bone surrounded by compact bone (like spongy candy)

56
Q

short bone examples

A
  • cuboid bone

- carpal and tarsal bones

57
Q

irregular bone

A

-shape and structure do not fit into other categories (not long, short, or flat)

58
Q

irregular bone examples

A

-vertebrae

59
Q

sesamoid bone

A

-forms with tendons

60
Q

sesamoid bone examples

A

-patella

61
Q

what is the most functionally important structure in the skeleton?

A

-long bones

62
Q

structure of a typical long bone

A
  • diaphysis
  • epiphysis
  • epiphyseal plate
  • medullary cavity
  • periosteum
  • endosteum
  • articular cartilage
  • nutrient vessels
63
Q

diaphysis

A
  • shaft of long bone

- primarily compact bone

64
Q

epiphysis

A
  • ends of long bone

- primarily spongy bone

65
Q

epiphyseal plate

A
  • plate of cartilage in growing bones

- lengthwise bones grow here

66
Q

medullary cavity

A
  • cavity with diaphysis

- mostly yellow bone marrow

67
Q

periosteum

A
  • fibrous, protective outer membrane of bone
  • isolates the bound surrounding the tissue
  • provides a route for the circulatory and nervous supply
  • actively participates in bone growth and repair
  • dense connective tissue
68
Q

endosteum

A

-inner membrane of bone containing cells involved of bone formation

69
Q

articular cartilage

A

-hyaline cartilage located on the ends of long bones for protection

70
Q

nutrient vessels

A

-blood vessels that penetrate bone to supply it with nutrients

Anatomy (41 decks)

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