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Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

secretion of hormone function

A

-chemical messengers/regulators which affect the activity of other cells

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2
Q

what results from endocrine glands being ductless?

A

-they secrete their products directly into the bloodstream

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3
Q

are endocrine glands vascular or avascular?

A
  • vascular

- has very rich blood supply

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4
Q

characteristics of the effects on target tissues

A
  • slow but long-lasting

- opposite of CNS & PNS

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5
Q

how is hormone secretion controlled?

A
  • negative feedback mechanism

- neural control

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6
Q

what part of the brain controls the release of hormones?

A
  • hypothalamus

- secretes substances called releasing factors

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7
Q

pituitary gland location

A
  • inferior surface of brain
  • attached to hypothalamus
  • surrounded by circle of willis
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8
Q

pituitary gland structure components

A
  • adenohypophysis

- neurohypophysis

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9
Q

pituitary gland adenohypophysis location

A
  • anterior lobe

- glandular portion

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10
Q

pituitary gland adenohypophysis function

A
  • produces and secretes six major hormones

- portal supply to anterior gland receives releasing factors

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11
Q

pituitary gland neurohypophysis location

A
  • posterior lobe

- nervous portion

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12
Q

pituitary gland neurohypophysis nervous portion function

A
  • stores and releases 2 hormones produced by hypothalamus

- dilated terminal axons that store hormone until neurons fire, releasing hormone into circulation

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13
Q

pituitary gland function

A
  • “master gland” of the body

- regulates many of body’s activities by releasing specific hormones to impact other endocrine glands

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14
Q

pituitary gland is divided into what?

A
  • anterior pituitary

- posterior pituitary

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15
Q

anterior pituitary gland hormones it secretes

A
  • growth hormone
  • thyroid stimulating hormone
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • luteinizing hormone
  • prolactin
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16
Q

posterior pituitary gland hormones it secretes

A
  • oxytocin

- antidiuretic hormone

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17
Q

anterior pituitary: growth hormone

A
  • GH
  • increases protein synthesis and mitosis
  • regulates growth of most cell sof the body
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18
Q

anterior pituitary: thyroid-stimulating hormone

A
  • TSH

- regulates the hormonal activity of the thyroid gland

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19
Q

anterior pituitary: adrenocorticotropic hormone**

A
  • ACTH

- controls the secretions of the hormones of the adrenal cortex

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20
Q

anterior pituitary: follicle stimulating hormone

A
  • FSH
  • stimulates follicle(ova) development in the ovary and sperm in testes
  • stimulates sex hormone secretion
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21
Q

anterior pituitary: luteinizing hormone

A
  • LH
  • plays a role in ovulation
  • stimulates secretion of sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)
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22
Q

anterior pituitary: prolactin

A

-plays a role in secretion and production of milk from mammary glands(lactation)

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23
Q

posterior pituitary: oxytocin

A
  • stimulates uterine and smooth muscle contractions

- promotes milk ejection from breast

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24
Q

posterior pituitary: antidiuretic hormone

A
  • ADH
  • affects permeability of kidney tubules to reduce the excretion of water
  • secretes vasopressin
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25
Q

what does vasopressin control?

A
  • controls BP

- constricts blood vessels

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26
Q

thyroid gland location

A
  • anterior neck inferior to larynx

- surrounds anterior and lateral aspect of the trachea

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27
Q

thyroid gland gross structure

A

-two lobes connected by an isthmus

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28
Q

thyroid gland microscopic structure

A
  • cuboidal cells: hormone production

- follicles: stores hormones

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29
Q

thyroid gland hormones it secretes

A
  • thyroxine (T4)
  • triiodothyronine (T3)
  • calcitonin
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30
Q

thyroid gland: thyroxine and triiodothyronine site of action

A

-most cells of the body

31
Q

thyroid gland: thyroxine and triiodothyronine effect

A

-regulates basal metabolic rate (BMR)

32
Q

thyroid gland: calcitonin site of action

A

-bone

33
Q

thyroid gland: calcitonin effect

A
  • regulates osteoclast activity and therefore the amount of calcium which leaves bone
  • lowers blood calcium levels
34
Q

parathyroid gland location

A

-embedded on posterior side of thyroid gland

35
Q

parathyroid gland structure

A
  • 4 oval bodies

- ->two on superior poles, two on inferior poles

36
Q

parathyroid gland hormone it secretes

A

-parathyroid hormone (PTH)

37
Q

parathyroid gland: parathyroid hormone site of action

A
  • increased osteoclastic activity in bone
  • increased kidney reabsorption of Ca++
  • increased dietary calcium ingested from intestine
38
Q

parathyroid gland: parathyroid hormone effect

A

-increased blood calcium levels

39
Q

adrenal glands location

A
  • paired glands

- located on superior pole of the kidneys

40
Q

adrenal glands structure

A
  • adrenal medulla

- cortex

41
Q

adrenal glands: adrenal medulla structure

A
  • inner portion
  • activated by stress
  • prepares body for sympathetic ANS
42
Q

adrenal glands: adrenal medulla hormone it secretes

A

-epinephrine (catecholamines)

43
Q

adrenal glands adrenal medulla: epinephrine site of action

A

-many organs and tissues

44
Q

adrenal glands adrenal medulla: epinephrine effect

A

-reinforces and prolongs sympathetic ANS response (inc. heart rate and respiration)

45
Q

adrenal glands: cortex structure

A
  • outer portion
  • produces cortico-hormones
  • responds to ACTH stimulation
46
Q

adrenal glands: cortex hormones it secretes

A
  • aldosterone
  • cortisol/hydrocortisone (glucocorticoid)
  • androgens (estrogen/progesterone)
47
Q

adrenal glands cortex: aldosterone site of action

A

-kidney tubules

48
Q

adrenal glands cortex: aldosterone effect

A

-regulates Na and K levels

49
Q

adrenal glands cortex: cortisol/hydrocortisone site of action

A

-various tissues

50
Q

adrenal glands cortex: cortisol/hydrocortisone effect

A
  • regulates metabolism(glucose)

- prevent/reduces inflammation

51
Q

adrenal glands cortex: androgens site of action

A

-various tissues

52
Q

adrenal glands cortex: androgens effect

A
  • supplement gonadal hormones

- promotes development of secondary sex characteristics

53
Q

pancreas loaction

A
  • upper abdomen

- posterior and inferior to stomach

54
Q

pancreas structure

A
  • endocrine portion (has islet of langerhans)

- exocrine portion

55
Q

pancreas endocrine portion hormones secreted

A
  • insulin (beta cells)

- glucagon (alpha cells)

56
Q

pancreas endocrine portion: insulin site of action

A

-all body cells

57
Q

pancreas endocrine portion: insulin effect

A

-regulates transport of glucose into cells

58
Q

pancreas endocrine portion: glucagon site of action

A

-liver

59
Q

pancreas endocrine portion: glucagon effect

A

-promotes conversion of glycogen into glucose

60
Q

pancreas exocrine portion function

A
  • consists of cells and ducts

- produces digestive enzymes into duodenum of small intestine

61
Q

pineal gland location

A

-suspended from roof of 3rd ventricle

62
Q

pineal gland hormones secreted

A

-melatonin

63
Q

pineal gland melatonin site of action

A
  • receives and responds to input from the visual pathway
  • highest level at night
  • affects sleep/wake cycle(circadian rhythms)
64
Q

pineal gland melatonin effect

A
  • inhibits hypothalamus stimulation of hormones which stimulate glands
  • delays sexual maturation
65
Q

gonads components

A
  • ovaries

- testes

66
Q

gonads ovaries structure

A

-follicle and corpus luteum

67
Q

gonads ovaries hormones secreted

A

-estrogen/progesterone

68
Q

gonads ovaries: estrogen site of action

A

-female reproductive organs (uterus)

69
Q

gonads ovaries: estrogen effect

A
  • development of gametes (egg) and regulation of female reproductive organs
  • secondary sex characteristics
70
Q

gonads testes structure

A

-interstitial cells of leydig

71
Q

gonads testes hormones secreted

A

-testosterone

72
Q

gonads testes: testosterone site of action

A

-male reproductive organs

73
Q

gonads testes: testosterone effecr

A
  • development of gametes(sperm) and regulation of male reproductive organs
  • secondary sex characteristics

Anatomy (41 decks)

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