Endocrine System

Question 1

secretion of hormone function

Answer 1

-chemical messengers/regulators which affect the activity of other cells

Question 2

what results from endocrine glands being ductless?

Answer 2

-they secrete their products directly into the bloodstream

Question 3

are endocrine glands vascular or avascular?

Answer 3

• vascular

- has very rich blood supply

Question 4

characteristics of the effects on target tissues

Answer 4

• slow but long-lasting

- opposite of CNS & PNS

Question 5

how is hormone secretion controlled?

Answer 5

• negative feedback mechanism

- neural control

Question 6

what part of the brain controls the release of hormones?

Answer 6

• hypothalamus

- secretes substances called releasing factors

Question 7

pituitary gland location

Answer 7

• inferior surface of brain
• attached to hypothalamus
• surrounded by circle of willis

Question 8

pituitary gland structure components

Answer 8

• adenohypophysis

- neurohypophysis

Question 9

pituitary gland adenohypophysis location

Answer 9

• anterior lobe

- glandular portion

Question 10

pituitary gland adenohypophysis function

Answer 10

• produces and secretes six major hormones

- portal supply to anterior gland receives releasing factors

Question 11

pituitary gland neurohypophysis location

Answer 11

• posterior lobe

- nervous portion

Question 12

pituitary gland neurohypophysis nervous portion function

Answer 12

• stores and releases 2 hormones produced by hypothalamus

- dilated terminal axons that store hormone until neurons fire, releasing hormone into circulation

Question 13

pituitary gland function

Answer 13

• “master gland” of the body

- regulates many of body’s activities by releasing specific hormones to impact other endocrine glands

Question 14

pituitary gland is divided into what?

Answer 14

• anterior pituitary

- posterior pituitary

Question 15

anterior pituitary gland hormones it secretes

Answer 15

• growth hormone
• thyroid stimulating hormone
• adrenocorticotropic hormone
• follicle stimulating hormone
• luteinizing hormone
• prolactin

Question 16

posterior pituitary gland hormones it secretes

Answer 16

• oxytocin

- antidiuretic hormone

Question 17

anterior pituitary: growth hormone

Answer 17

• GH
• increases protein synthesis and mitosis
• regulates growth of most cell sof the body

Question 18

anterior pituitary: thyroid-stimulating hormone

Answer 18

• TSH

- regulates the hormonal activity of the thyroid gland

Question 19

anterior pituitary: adrenocorticotropic hormone**

Answer 19

• ACTH

- controls the secretions of the hormones of the adrenal cortex

Question 20

anterior pituitary: follicle stimulating hormone

Answer 20

• FSH
• stimulates follicle(ova) development in the ovary and sperm in testes
• stimulates sex hormone secretion

Question 21

anterior pituitary: luteinizing hormone

Answer 21

• LH
• plays a role in ovulation
• stimulates secretion of sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)

Question 22

anterior pituitary: prolactin

Answer 22

-plays a role in secretion and production of milk from mammary glands(lactation)

Question 23

posterior pituitary: oxytocin

Answer 23

• stimulates uterine and smooth muscle contractions

- promotes milk ejection from breast

Question 24

posterior pituitary: antidiuretic hormone

Answer 24

• ADH
• affects permeability of kidney tubules to reduce the excretion of water
• secretes vasopressin

Question 25

what does vasopressin control?

Answer 25

- controls BP | - constricts blood vessels

Question 26

thyroid gland location

Answer 26

- anterior neck inferior to larynx | - surrounds anterior and lateral aspect of the trachea

Question 27

thyroid gland gross structure

Answer 27

-two lobes connected by an isthmus

Question 28

thyroid gland microscopic structure

Answer 28

- cuboidal cells: hormone production | - follicles: stores hormones

Question 29

thyroid gland hormones it secretes

Answer 29

- thyroxine (T4) - triiodothyronine (T3) - calcitonin

Question 30

thyroid gland: thyroxine and triiodothyronine site of action

Answer 30

-most cells of the body

Question 31

thyroid gland: thyroxine and triiodothyronine effect

Answer 31

-regulates basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Question 32

thyroid gland: calcitonin site of action

Answer 32

-bone

Question 33

thyroid gland: calcitonin effect

Answer 33

- regulates osteoclast activity and therefore the amount of calcium which leaves bone - lowers blood calcium levels

Question 34

parathyroid gland location

Answer 34

-embedded on posterior side of thyroid gland

Question 35

parathyroid gland structure

Answer 35

- 4 oval bodies | - ->two on superior poles, two on inferior poles

Question 36

parathyroid gland hormone it secretes

Answer 36

-parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 37

parathyroid gland: parathyroid hormone site of action

Answer 37

- increased osteoclastic activity in bone - increased kidney reabsorption of Ca++ - increased dietary calcium ingested from intestine

Question 38

parathyroid gland: parathyroid hormone effect

Answer 38

-increased blood calcium levels

Question 39

adrenal glands location

Answer 39

- paired glands | - located on superior pole of the kidneys

Question 40

adrenal glands structure

Answer 40

- adrenal medulla | - cortex

Question 41

adrenal glands: adrenal medulla structure

Answer 41

- inner portion - activated by stress - prepares body for sympathetic ANS

Question 42

adrenal glands: adrenal medulla hormone it secretes

Answer 42

-epinephrine (catecholamines)

Question 43

adrenal glands adrenal medulla: epinephrine site of action

Answer 43

-many organs and tissues

Question 44

adrenal glands adrenal medulla: epinephrine effect

Answer 44

-reinforces and prolongs sympathetic ANS response (inc. heart rate and respiration)

Question 45

adrenal glands: cortex structure

Answer 45

- outer portion - produces cortico-hormones - responds to ACTH stimulation

Question 46

adrenal glands: cortex hormones it secretes

Answer 46

- aldosterone - cortisol/hydrocortisone (glucocorticoid) - androgens (estrogen/progesterone)

Question 47

adrenal glands cortex: aldosterone site of action

Answer 47

-kidney tubules

Question 48

adrenal glands cortex: aldosterone effect

Answer 48

-regulates Na and K levels

Question 49

adrenal glands cortex: cortisol/hydrocortisone site of action

Answer 49

-various tissues

Question 50

adrenal glands cortex: cortisol/hydrocortisone effect

Answer 50

- regulates metabolism(glucose) | - prevent/reduces inflammation

Question 51

adrenal glands cortex: androgens site of action

Answer 51

-various tissues

Question 52

adrenal glands cortex: androgens effect

Answer 52

- supplement gonadal hormones | - promotes development of secondary sex characteristics

Question 53

pancreas loaction

Answer 53

- upper abdomen | - posterior and inferior to stomach

Question 54

pancreas structure

Answer 54

- endocrine portion (has islet of langerhans) | - exocrine portion

Question 55

pancreas endocrine portion hormones secreted

Answer 55

- insulin (beta cells) | - glucagon (alpha cells)

Question 56

pancreas endocrine portion: insulin site of action

Answer 56

-all body cells

Question 57

pancreas endocrine portion: insulin effect

Answer 57

-regulates transport of glucose into cells

Question 58

pancreas endocrine portion: glucagon site of action

Answer 58

-liver

Question 59

pancreas endocrine portion: glucagon effect

Answer 59

-promotes conversion of glycogen into glucose

Question 60

pancreas exocrine portion function

Answer 60

- consists of cells and ducts | - produces digestive enzymes into duodenum of small intestine

Question 61

pineal gland location

Answer 61

-suspended from roof of 3rd ventricle

Question 62

pineal gland hormones secreted

Answer 62

-melatonin

Question 63

pineal gland melatonin site of action

Answer 63

- receives and responds to input from the visual pathway - highest level at night - affects sleep/wake cycle(circadian rhythms)

Question 64

pineal gland melatonin effect

Answer 64

- inhibits hypothalamus stimulation of hormones which stimulate glands - delays sexual maturation

Question 65

gonads components

Answer 65

- ovaries | - testes

Question 66

gonads ovaries structure

Answer 66

-follicle and corpus luteum

Question 67

gonads ovaries hormones secreted

Answer 67

-estrogen/progesterone

Question 68

gonads ovaries: estrogen site of action

Answer 68

-female reproductive organs (uterus)

Question 69

gonads ovaries: estrogen effect

Answer 69

- development of gametes (egg) and regulation of female reproductive organs - secondary sex characteristics

Question 70

gonads testes structure

Answer 70

-interstitial cells of leydig

Question 71

gonads testes hormones secreted

Answer 71

-testosterone

Question 72

gonads testes: testosterone site of action

Answer 72

-male reproductive organs

Question 73

gonads testes: testosterone effecr

Answer 73

- development of gametes(sperm) and regulation of male reproductive organs - secondary sex characteristics