Skeletal Systems IV: Articulations Flashcards
articulations function
- where skeletal elements attach
- link skeleton into functional whole
- often allow for movement/flexibility
how are articulations classified?
-based on their structure and movement
what is the anatomical name for joints?
-articulations
types of articulations
- synarthroses
- amphiarthroses
- diarthroses (synovial joint)
synarthroses articulation characteristics
- bones are held tightly together by fibrosis connective tissue
- very stable
- no movement occurs
examples of synarthroses articulation
- sutures of the skull
- teeth and jaws
amphiarthroses articulation characteristics
- bones bound with fibrocartilage pad ors discs
- also ligaments (dense CT)
- limited motion (tiny bit)
examples of amphiarthrosis articulation
- intervertebral discs
- symphysis pubis (less movement than the spinal column)
- sacroiliac joint (little movement)
diarthrosis articulation characteristics
- enclosed in fibroelastic joint capsule
- synovial membrane lines capsule
- articulating ends of bones covered with hyaline cartilage
- ligaments and tendons support joints
diarthroses synovial membrane function
- produces synovial fluid
- -> this fluid lubricates joint and refuces friction
why is friction bad in a joint?
- we don’t want bone grinding on bone
- keeps cartilage healthy
diarthrotic bursae location
- small sacs filled with synovial fluid
- located near diarthrotic joint and the muscles and tendons associated w/ them
diarthrotic bursae function
- reduces friction (during movement)
- present where structures come in contact w/ one another
- protects tendons and ligaments
types of diarthrotic joints
- gliding
- pivot
- hinge
- condyloid/ellipsoidal
- saddle
- ball-and-socket
diarthrotic gliding articulation movement
- uniaxial:
- -> slides back and forth (translation)
diarthrotic gliding articulation examples
- intercarpal
- intertarsal
- vertebrocostal
- temporomandibular joint
- zygapophyseal
where are gliding intercarpal joints located?
-in between wrist bones
where are gliding intertarsal joints located?
- in between ankle and foot
- NOT ankle joint but underneath it
where are gliding vertebrocostal joints located?
-in between facets of vertebrae and ribs
where are gliding temporomandibular joints located?
-in between jaw bones
where are gliding zygapophyseal joints located?
-in between vertebrae (intervertebral)
diarthrotic pivot articulation movement
- uniaxial:
- ->rotation around central axis
diarthrotic pivot articulation examples
- atlantoaxial joint
- proximal radioulnar joint
where are pivot atlantoaxial joints located?
- in between atlas and axis
- allows for rotation of the head
where are pivot proximal radioulnar joints located?
- between the proximal radius and ulna
- allows for supination and pronation of forearm
diarthrotic hinge articulation movement
- uniaxial:
- ->flexion and extension
diarthrotic hinge articulation examples
- humeroulnar
- tibiofemoral
- interphalangeal
- talocrural
- TMJ
where are hinge humeroulnar joints located?
- in between humerus and ulna
- elbow
where are hinge tibiofemoral joints located?
- in between tibia and femur
- knee
where are hinge interphalangeal joints located?
- in between phalanges
- toes and fingers
where are hinge talocrural joints located?
- in between the tibia/radius and talus
- ankle
- most motion occurs here
where are hinge temporomandibular joints located?
- jaw
- in between temporal bone and mandible
diarthrotic condyloid/ellipsoidal articulation movement
- biaxial:
- ->flexion/extension
- ->abduction/adduction
diarthrotic condyloid/ellipsoidal articulation examples
- metacarpophalangeal
- atlanto-occiptal joint
- radiocarpal joint
where are condyloid/ellipsoidal metacarpophalangeal joints located?
- in between metacarpals and phalanges
- knuckles
where are condyloid/ellipsoidal atlanto-occiptal joint location?
- in between C1 and skull
- allows for nodding (flexion/extension)
- allows for tilting (lateral flexion)
diarthrotic saddle articulation movement
- multiaxial:
- ->produces wide range of movement
diarthrotic saddle articulation examples
- 1st carpometacarpal joint
- sternoclavicular joint
where is saddle saddle joint located?
- in between the carpals and metacarpals of the pollex
- thumb
- movement is limited
where is saddle sternoclavicular joint located?
-in between the sternum and clavicle
diarthrotic ball-and-socket articulation movement
- multiaxial:
- ->abduction/adduction
- ->flexion/extension
- ->circumduction
- greatest range of motion
diarthrotic ball-and-socket articulation examples
- glenohumeral joint
- femoroacetabular joint
where is ball-and-socket glenohumeral joint located?
- in between glenoid fossa and humerus
- shoulder
where is ball-and-socket femoroacetabular joint located?
- in between the femur and the acetabulum
- hip
ligaments composition
- dense regular connective tissue
- connect bone to bone
- one of the least vascular in the human body
ligaments function
- provide stability for joints
- reduce flexibility of joint and restricts its movement
- healing is slow and results are poor (due to poor vascularization)
areas in joints of the body where injuries can occur
- temporomandibular joint
- vertebral column
- shoulder
- ankle
- knee
temporomandibular joint ligaments and joints
- combination hinge and gliding joint
- 3 ligaments and articular disc
- TMJ syndrome
what is TMJ syndrome?
-misalignment of mandible or desynchronization of disc
vertebral column ligaments and joints
-long strips of ligament on anterior/posterior surface of vertebral body
shoulder ligaments and joints
- coracoacromial ligaments
- coracohumeral ligaments
- acromioclavicular ligaments
which side of the shoulder has stronger structures?
- posterior tendons stronger than anterior ligaments
- they secure the joint well posteriorly
- anterior side is more likely to get damaged (causes anterior & inferior shoulder drops)
shoulder posterior tendons function
- rotator cuff muscles act as ligaments
- holds humeral head in glenoid fossa
- serve to maintain the articulation between scapula and humerus
define shoulder dislocation
- displacement of the head of the humerus from the glenoid fossa
- most likely to happen on the anterior side
define shoulder separation
- refers to a sprain (tear) of the ligaments at acromioclavicular joint
- caused by a downward force being applied to superior part of the acromion
ankle ligaments and joints
- deltoid ligament
- several other ligaments support the ankle
ankle deltoid ligament function
- strongest of the deltoid ligament
- joins the tibia to the talus (medial ligament)
knee ligaments and joints
-two fibrocartilaginous discs called lateral and medial menisci
temporomandibular joint injury
-TMJ syndrome
vertebral column injury
-posterior longitudinal ligament is narrow and doesn’t cover posterolateral disc: result=herniation
shoulder injury
- dislocation
- shoulder drops
- shoulder separation
ankle injury
- inversion of the foot causes weaker, lateral ligaments that attach to the fibula to the talus and to the calcaneus
- ->occurs at the subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint
knee ligaments and joints
- anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
- medial (tibial) and lateral (fibular) ligaments
- both^ are major supports for this joint
- lateral and medial menisci
anatomical name for knee
-tibiofemoral
lateral and medial menisci location
- two fibrocartilaginous discs
- lie between the femur and tibia
knee injury
- unhappy triad (clipping injury):
- ->anterior cruciate ligament (torn)
- ->medial collateral ligament (torn)
- ->medial meniscus (damaged)
define strain
-excessive stretching or tearing of tendons or muscles
define sprain
-stretching or tearing of ligaments
define dislocation
-displacement of the articular surfaces of bones at a joint
define bursitis
-inflammation of the bursa surrounding a joint
define arthritis
- general term for joint diseases involving sweating (edema)
- inflammation and pain occur
protocol principles mnemonic
-PRICE
protocol principles mnemonic expanded
-Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
protocol principles purpose
-minor injuries (sprains and strains) can often be initially treated at home using PRICE therapy for 2-3 days
