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Anatomy > Nervous System I: Neurohistology > Flashcards

Nervous System I: Neurohistology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two components of the human nervous system?

A
  • central nervous system (CNS)

- peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

CNS components

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS components

A
  • somatic (voluntary division)

- autonomic (involuntary division)

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4
Q

define neurons

A
  • conducting elements (cells)

- makes up a part of the nervous system

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5
Q

define neuroglia

A
  • accessory elements

- known as being supporting cells of the nervous system

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6
Q

define meninges

A

-coverings within the nervous system

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7
Q

neuron function

A

-responsible for receiving and transmitting information

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8
Q

classificational functions of neurons types

A
  • sensory (afferent)
  • motor (efferent)
  • associative (interneuron)
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9
Q

neuron sensory function

A

-transmits impulse from periphery sensory recover to spinal cord or brain

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10
Q

neuron motor function

A

-transmits information from CNS to peripheral effectors

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11
Q

neuron motor function examples

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • glands
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12
Q

neuron associative function

A
  • located between sensory and motor neurons in CNS
  • modifies responses of hormones
  • relays information to other neurons
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13
Q

structural functions of neurons types

A
  • multipolar
  • bipolar
  • unipolar
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14
Q

neuron multipolar structure

A
  • has more than two processes attached to cell body

- most common type of neuron formed throughout CNS

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15
Q

neuron bipolar structure

A
  • has two processes attached to cell body

- found in retina of eye and inner ear

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16
Q

neuron unipolar structure

A
  • has only one process attached to cell body

- found in ganglia which are chapters of neurons adjacent to spinal cord

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17
Q

structure of typical neuron

A
  • cell body

- processes (fibers) of a neuron

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18
Q

neuron cell body components

A
  • most of the organelles typically found in cells (nucleus, mitochondria, golgi complex, etc)
  • nissl bodies
  • neurofibrils
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19
Q

neuron body: nissl bodies

A
  • chomato philic bodies

- clusters of ribosomes of RER that module protein (neurotransmitters made of protein)

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20
Q

neuron body: neurofibrils

A

-cytoskeleton of neuron transport and maintain shape o neuron

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21
Q

neuron processes(fibers) of a neuron components

A
  • dendrites

- axon (nerve fibers)

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22
Q

neuron fibers of a neuron: dendrites

A
  • more than one per neuron

- receives impulse and transmits to cell body

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23
Q

neuron fibers of a neuron: axon

A
  • only one per neuron

- transmits info away from the cell bud to another neuron or muscle

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24
Q

what are axons?

A

-nerve fibers

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25
Q

special characteristics of nerve fibers components

A
  • myelin sheath
  • neurolemma
  • nodes of ranvier
  • synaptic vesicles
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26
Q

special characteristics of nerve fibers: myelin sheath producer and location

A

produced by:

  • oligodendrocytes in CNS
  • schwann cells in PNS
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27
Q

special characteristics of nerve fibers: myelin sheath composition

A

-composed of primarily lipid(fat)

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28
Q

special characteristics of nerve fibers: myelin sheath function

A

-to increase transmission speed an electrical impulse

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29
Q

special characteristics of nerve fibers: neurolemma

A

-cell membrane of oligodendrocyte or schwann cell

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30
Q

special characteristics of nerve fibers: nodes of ranvier

A
  • area of axon that’s not covered by myelin

- assists with rapid transmission of impulse

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31
Q

special characteristics of nerve fibers: synaptic vesicles

A

-structures that store neurotransmitters that are released at a synapse

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32
Q

allowers of communication in between neurons

A
  • synapses

- conduction of nerve impulses

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33
Q

allower of communication in between neurons: synapse

A
  • space between axon of a presynaptic neuron

- dendrite of postsynaptic neuron

34
Q

allower of communication in between neurons: synapse components

A
  • presynaptic neuron
  • synaptic cleft
  • postsynaptic neuron
35
Q

allower of communication in between neurons: synapse: presynaptic neuron

A

-transmits impulse

36
Q

allower of communication in between neurons: synapse: synaptic cleft

A

-space between the presynaptic axon and the dendrite of the postsynaptic dendrite

37
Q

allower of communication in between neurons: synapse: postsynaptic neuron

A

-receives info

38
Q

allower of communication in between neurons: conduction of nerve impulse characteristics

A
  • resting membrane
  • depolarization
  • “wave of negativity”
  • repolarization
39
Q

allower of communication in between neurons: conduction of nerve impulse: resting membrane

A
  • polarized
  • positive charge outside cell membrane
  • Na+ ions outside cell membrane
40
Q

allower of communication in between neurons: conduction of nerve impulse: depolarization

A
  • caused by influx of Na+ ions into cell

- negative charge on outside cell membrane

41
Q

allower of communication in between neurons: conduction of nerve impulse: wave of negativity

A

-a wave of negativity travels along cell membrane

42
Q

allower of communication in between neurons: conduction of nerve impulse: repolarization

A

-caused by influx of K+ ions to outside of cell

43
Q

allower of communication in between neurons: conduction of nerve impulse: repolarization types of conduction

A
  • continuous conduction

- stationary conduction

44
Q

allower of communication in between neurons: conduction of nerve impulse: continuous conduction

A

-along myelinated axons; a continuous wave

45
Q

allower of communication in between neurons: conduction of nerve impulse: stationary conduction

A
  • conduction “jumps” along myelinated axon

- conducts only at nodes of ranvier (but more rapid)

46
Q

types of nerve fibers

A
  • A fibers
  • B fibers
  • C fibers
47
Q

A fibers

A
  • most heavily myelinated
  • fast conduction
  • sharp, stabbing pain
48
Q

B fibers

A
  • intermediate amount of myelin
  • moderate speed
  • moderate pain
49
Q

C fibers

A
  • least myelin (sometimes no myelin)
  • slow speed
  • dull, aching pain
50
Q

define nuclei

A

-cluster of neurons in CNS

51
Q

define ganglia

A

-cluster of neurons in PNS

52
Q

define nerve

A

-bundles of axons in the PNS

53
Q

define tract

A

-bundles of axons in the CNS

54
Q

examples of neurotransmitters

A
  • excitatory neurotransmitters

- inhibitory neurotransmitters

55
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters components

A
  • acetylcholine (Ach)
  • norepinephrine (NE)
  • serotonin
  • dopamine
56
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters: acetylcholine

A

-involved in muscle contraction and autonomics

57
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters: norepinephrine

A

-involved in muscle contraction and autonomics

58
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters: serotonin

A
  • plays a role in constriction of smooth muscle
  • regulates cyclic body processes
  • contributes to mood(feelings of wellbeing and happiness)
59
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters: dopamine

A
  • helps control the brain’s reward and pleasure centers

- helps regulate movement and emotional responses

60
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters components

A
  • gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
  • enkephalin
  • endorphins
  • dopamine
61
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters: gamma aminobutyric acid

A

-responsible for regulation muscle tone; inhibitory

62
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters: enkephalin

A
  • regulates pain perception on the body

- binds to opiate receptors in the body

63
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters: endorphins

A
  • group of hormones similar to enkephalins
  • activates body’s opiate receptors
  • exerts an analgesic effect
64
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters: dopamine

A
  • helps control the brain’s reward and pleasure centers

- helps regulate movement and emotional responses

65
Q

what nervous system are acetylcholine and norepinephrine a part of?

A

-autonomic nervous system

66
Q

excitatory neurotransmitter function

A

-causes depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron

67
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitter function

A

-hyperpolarize the postsynaptic neuron preventing the transmission of the nerve impulse across the synapse

68
Q

what is neuroglia also known as?

A

-“neural glue”

69
Q

what system is the neuroglia a part of?

A

-central nervous system

70
Q

neuroglia components

A
  • oligodendrocyte
  • microglia
  • astrocyte
  • ependymal cells
71
Q

neuroglia oligodendrocyte

A

-cells that produces myelin covering (sheath) around axons in CNS

72
Q

neuroglia microglia

A

-phagocytic cell that engulfs dead tissue

73
Q

neuroglia astrocyte

A
  • assists in the nourishment of neurons in CNS

- formation of the Blood-Brain Barrier

74
Q

astrocyte blood brain barrier composition

A
  • endothelium (lining of capillaries)
  • basement membrane
  • foot process of astrocytes
75
Q

astrocyte blood brain barrier function

A
  • regulates permeability of capillaries to control what enters brain
  • prevents large molecules from entering brain
  • keeps toxic substances from entering brain cells
76
Q

neuroglia ependymal cells

A

-line the ventricles of the brain

77
Q

define ventricles

A

-spaces within the brain

78
Q

types of cells in peripheral nervous system

A
  • schwann cell

- satellite cell

79
Q

what is another name for schwann cells?

A

-neurolemmocytes

80
Q

schwall cell

A

-produces myelin sheath around axon in PNS

81
Q

satellite cell

A

-regulate nourishment to neuron bodies in the PNS

Anatomy (41 decks)

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