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taste and olfaction Flashcards

1
Q

flavour includes

A

taste
smell
other nerve endings in the mouth

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2
Q

sense of taste

A

gustation

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3
Q

MSG

A

monosodium glutamate- savoury

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4
Q

parts on a toungue

A

epiglottis
cranial nerve x

cicrumvallate papillae: big dots on back
cranial nerve ix

folate papilla: middle of tongue
cranial nerve VII

fungiform papillae: small dots in front

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5
Q

what are the things being sensed on the tongue

A

sucrose
NaCl
HCL
Quinine
water

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6
Q

what are the individual receptors on the tongue

A

chemoreceptors life span of 10 days and are renewable

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7
Q

what must taste molecules do in the tongue

A

dissolve in saliva

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8
Q

Na influx

A

salt tastant transduced

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9
Q

H blocks K channel

A

sour tastant transduced

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10
Q

glucose or similar chemical activates g protein CAMP- phosphorylation and blockage of K

A

sweet tastant transduced

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11
Q

more diverse tastants- alkaloids- g protein gusductin- inhibit phosphodiesterase- increase CAMP

A

bitter tastant transduced

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12
Q

triggered by amino acid especially glutamate- g protein IP3- Ca release from internal store- activation of monovalent selective cation channel

A

umami

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13
Q

nerve contributions in the tongue

A

VII: ant in 2/3 of the tongue, there may also be taste buds on the palate (roof of mouth)

IX: posterior 1/3 of tongue

X: mino contribution especially poteriorly around epiglottis

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14
Q

taste pathway in the CNS

A

at the tongue

in the medulla oblongata (solitary nucleus also connects to the area postrema)

in the pons

to the ventro-posterior medial thalamus, hypothalamus and amygdala

to the insular and orbital cortex

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15
Q

across fibre hypothesis

A

proposes that the pattern of responses to a particular stimulus across all fibres is the central feature of coding

individual TRCS are tuned to multiple taste quallities. same afferent fibres carries info for more than one modality

or TRC are still tuned to single taste qualities but the same afferent fibre carries info for more than one taste modality

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16
Q

response of individual fibres to different tastants

A

patterns of responses of cells in a population help discriminate tastes

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17
Q

labelled line model of taste

A

the receptor cells are tuned to respond to a single tastemodalities and are innervated by individually tuned nerve cells. each taste quality is specified by the activity of non overlapping cells and fibres

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18
Q

how is taste discriminated

A

connectivity (topography) and also activity patterns within the population

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19
Q

olfaction

A

sense of smell

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20
Q

how many olfactory receptor cells are there

A

5 mill

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21
Q

how many dog olfactory receptor cells are there

A

4 billion

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22
Q

surface area of olfactory epithelium in humans

A

10 cm^2

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23
Q

area of olfactory epithelium in some dogs

24
Q

smell for diagnosis

A

infection after surgery from bacteria may smell line wine cellar (musty)

breath of diabetic in coma smells like apples

garlic smell can indicate arsenic poisoning

25
olfactory epethilium location
lies high wihtin the nasal cavity and its olfactory cells project to the olfactory bulb
26
what do olfactory cells synapse with
secondary sensory neurons in olfactory bulb
27
how long do olfactory cells in olfactory epethilium live for
2 months replaced by new cells that must find their way to olfactory bulb 30-60 days
28
where is odor first detected
in the cilla of olfactory receptor neuron. strong enough signal generates action potential in neuron
29
olfactory receptor neuron
ORN
30
signal transduction of odorant
odorant golf inc in CAMP open cyclic nucleotide gated channels (CNG channels)
31
what controls odor adaptation and excitation
Ca signal Ca- CAM binds to the CNG channel reducing its affinity for CAMP the extrusion of Ca through the activation of Na/ Ca exchange proteins
32
longer lasting adaptation mechanism
CO/cGMP, NO
33
coding at the ORN
individual odor receptorws expressing the same gene are dispersed throughout the olfactory epithelium but the axons of the receptors converge on 1 or 2 glomeruli in the olfactory bulb
34
what depicts one molecular feature
1 receptor
35
what are the primary sensory neurons that generate action potentials in the nose
olfactory receptor cells
36
life span of olfactory receptor cells
30-60 days
37
what can detect multiple odors sharingthe same molecular feature
1 receptor
38
what is all receptors encoding the same molecular feature
1 glomerulus
39
what does one odor activate
several glomeruli
40
what do different odors activate
distinct patterns of glomeruli
41
what do distinct pattern of flomeruli carry
distinct odor info to the cortex- chemotropic odor map
42
where are glomeruli
in the olfactory bulb
43
what contains the first order neuron axons that carry infor about one particular component of scents
glomeruli
44
what do the glomeruli neurons synpase with
mitral cells that refine the smell sense and relay it to the brain for further processing
45
what are the two routes from the OB
subcortical route thalamo cortical route
46
regions of the limbic system- medial sides of temporal lobe (primary olfactory cortex)
subcortical route
47
route for conscious perception of smell and fine discrimination of smell
thalamo cortical route
48
what coding do olfaction at cortical neurons follow
population coding
49
VNO
vomeronasal organ
50
what is the VNO
accesory olfactory bulb pathway for pheromone detection
51
what pathway is more restricted (amygdala and hypothalamus) than the main olfactory system
the VNO
52
are sexually dimorphic and likely involved in mating preferences
VNO pathways in mamals
53
evidence for VNO existence in humans
not clear but sexually dimorphic nuclei are present in olfactory related structures
54
what system does the olfactory system interact with
the immune system
55
what molecules does the immune system use to inteact with the olfactory system
MHC moelcules that detect distinct odor in urine that can be detected by mice leads mice to mate with distantly related mice rather than closely related mice if confronted with multiple potential mates to prevent defects associated with in breeding

MED 310 (47 decks)

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