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MED 310 > taste and olfaction > Flashcards

taste and olfaction Flashcards

1
Q

flavour includes

A

taste
smell
other nerve endings in the mouth

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2
Q

sense of taste

A

gustation

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3
Q

MSG

A

monosodium glutamate- savoury

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4
Q

parts on a toungue

A

epiglottis
cranial nerve x

cicrumvallate papillae: big dots on back
cranial nerve ix

folate papilla: middle of tongue
cranial nerve VII

fungiform papillae: small dots in front

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5
Q

what are the things being sensed on the tongue

A

sucrose
NaCl
HCL
Quinine
water

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6
Q

what are the individual receptors on the tongue

A

chemoreceptors life span of 10 days and are renewable

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7
Q

what must taste molecules do in the tongue

A

dissolve in saliva

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8
Q

Na influx

A

salt tastant transduced

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9
Q

H blocks K channel

A

sour tastant transduced

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10
Q

glucose or similar chemical activates g protein CAMP- phosphorylation and blockage of K

A

sweet tastant transduced

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11
Q

more diverse tastants- alkaloids- g protein gusductin- inhibit phosphodiesterase- increase CAMP

A

bitter tastant transduced

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12
Q

triggered by amino acid especially glutamate- g protein IP3- Ca release from internal store- activation of monovalent selective cation channel

A

umami

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13
Q

nerve contributions in the tongue

A

VII: ant in 2/3 of the tongue, there may also be taste buds on the palate (roof of mouth)

IX: posterior 1/3 of tongue

X: mino contribution especially poteriorly around epiglottis

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14
Q

taste pathway in the CNS

A

at the tongue

in the medulla oblongata (solitary nucleus also connects to the area postrema)

in the pons

to the ventro-posterior medial thalamus, hypothalamus and amygdala

to the insular and orbital cortex

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15
Q

across fibre hypothesis

A

proposes that the pattern of responses to a particular stimulus across all fibres is the central feature of coding

individual TRCS are tuned to multiple taste quallities. same afferent fibres carries info for more than one modality

or TRC are still tuned to single taste qualities but the same afferent fibre carries info for more than one taste modality

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16
Q

response of individual fibres to different tastants

A

patterns of responses of cells in a population help discriminate tastes

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17
Q

labelled line model of taste

A

the receptor cells are tuned to respond to a single tastemodalities and are innervated by individually tuned nerve cells. each taste quality is specified by the activity of non overlapping cells and fibres

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18
Q

how is taste discriminated

A

connectivity (topography) and also activity patterns within the population

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19
Q

olfaction

A

sense of smell

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20
Q

how many olfactory receptor cells are there

A

5 mill

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21
Q

how many dog olfactory receptor cells are there

A

4 billion

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22
Q

surface area of olfactory epithelium in humans

A

10 cm^2

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23
Q

area of olfactory epithelium in some dogs

A

170 cm^2

24
Q

smell for diagnosis

A

infection after surgery from bacteria may smell line wine cellar (musty)

breath of diabetic in coma smells like apples

garlic smell can indicate arsenic poisoning

25
Q

olfactory epethilium location

A

lies high wihtin the nasal cavity and its olfactory cells project to the olfactory bulb

26
Q

what do olfactory cells synapse with

A

secondary sensory neurons in olfactory bulb

27
Q

how long do olfactory cells in olfactory epethilium live for

A

2 months replaced by new cells that must find their way to olfactory bulb 30-60 days

28
Q

where is odor first detected

A

in the cilla of olfactory receptor neuron. strong enough signal generates action potential in neuron

29
Q

olfactory receptor neuron

A

ORN

30
Q

signal transduction of odorant

A

odorant

golf

inc in CAMP

open cyclic nucleotide gated channels (CNG channels)

31
Q

what controls odor adaptation and excitation

A

Ca signal

Ca- CAM binds to the CNG channel reducing its affinity for CAMP

the extrusion of Ca through the activation of Na/ Ca exchange proteins

32
Q

longer lasting adaptation mechanism

A

CO/cGMP, NO

33
Q

coding at the ORN

A

individual odor receptorws expressing the same gene are dispersed throughout the olfactory epithelium but the axons of the receptors converge on 1 or 2 glomeruli in the olfactory bulb

34
Q

what depicts one molecular feature

A

1 receptor

35
Q

what are the primary sensory neurons that generate action potentials in the nose

A

olfactory receptor cells

36
Q

life span of olfactory receptor cells

A

30-60 days

37
Q

what can detect multiple odors sharingthe same molecular feature

A

1 receptor

38
Q

what is all receptors encoding the same molecular feature

A

1 glomerulus

39
Q

what does one odor activate

A

several glomeruli

40
Q

what do different odors activate

A

distinct patterns of glomeruli

41
Q

what do distinct pattern of flomeruli carry

A

distinct odor info to the cortex- chemotropic odor map

42
Q

where are glomeruli

A

in the olfactory bulb

43
Q

what contains the first order neuron axons that carry infor about one particular component of scents

A

glomeruli

44
Q

what do the glomeruli neurons synpase with

A

mitral cells that refine the smell sense and relay it to the brain for further processing

45
Q

what are the two routes from the OB

A

subcortical route
thalamo cortical route

46
Q

regions of the limbic system- medial sides of temporal lobe (primary olfactory cortex)

A

subcortical route

47
Q

route for conscious perception of smell and fine discrimination of smell

A

thalamo cortical route

48
Q

what coding do olfaction at cortical neurons follow

A

population coding

49
Q

VNO

A

vomeronasal organ

50
Q

what is the VNO

A

accesory olfactory bulb pathway for pheromone detection

51
Q

what pathway is more restricted (amygdala and hypothalamus) than the main olfactory system

A

the VNO

52
Q

are sexually dimorphic and likely involved in mating preferences

A

VNO pathways in mamals

53
Q

evidence for VNO existence in humans

A

not clear but sexually dimorphic nuclei are present in olfactory related structures

54
Q

what system does the olfactory system interact with

A

the immune system

55
Q

what molecules does the immune system use to inteact with the olfactory system

A

MHC moelcules that detect distinct odor in urine that can be detected by mice

leads mice to mate with distantly related mice rather than closely related mice if confronted with multiple potential mates to prevent defects associated with in breeding

MED 310 (47 decks)

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