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MED 310 > conception > Flashcards

conception Flashcards

1
Q

4 step sexual response cycle

A

applies to both sexes

excitement
plateau
orgasm
resolution

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2
Q

excitement

A

Heightened sexual awareness/arousal and blood flow to erectile tissues (erection of the penis in males; erection of clitoris in females); vaginal and Bartholin’s gland secretions lubricate the female; male scrotum tightens and male secretes a lubricating fluid (bulbourethral glands)

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3
Q

plateau

A

Intensification of excitement phase responses, plus body responses (increased heart rate, respiratory rate, BP, muscle tension)

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4
Q

orgasmic

A

Male ejaculates semen; feeling of intense pleasure for sexual partners (orgasm); females may under multiple orgasms in
succession

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5
Q

resolution

A

Genitalia and body systems return to pre-arousal state; general feeling of relaxation; refractory period for males to repeat the cycle (varying length)

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6
Q

what mediates erection and ejaculation

A

spinal reflexes

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7
Q

hardening of the normally flacid penis to permit its entry to the vagina

A

erection

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8
Q

emptying the spem and excessory sex gland secreitons (semen) into the urethra

A

ejaculation- emmision phase

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9
Q

forceful expulsion of semen from the penis

A

ejaculation- expulsion phase

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10
Q

how is erection accomplished

A

engorgement fo the penis erectile tissue with blood as a result of marked parasympatheticaly induced vasodialation of the penile arterioles and mechanical compression of the veins

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11
Q

how is the emmision phase accomplished

A

sympathetically induced contraciton of the smooth muscle in the walls of the ducts and accesory sex glands

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12
Q

how is the expulsion phase accomplished

A

motor neuron induced contraction of the skeletal muscles are the base of the penis

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13
Q

where si the erection generating centre

A

lower spinal chord

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14
Q

how is the erection generating centre triggered

A

mechanically by touch sensitive glans penis; higher brain centres facilitate or inhibit this spinal reflex

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15
Q

spinal reflexive dialation of the penile arterioles

A

non adrenogenic neurons release NO to relax the arterioles and blood enters the erectile tisssues

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16
Q

engorgement

A

vacocongestion

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17
Q

how quickly is erection achieved

A

5-10 seconds

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18
Q

erection reflex summary

A

Lower spinal cord is the site of the
erection generating center;
mechanically triggered by the touchsensitive glans penis; higher brain
centers facilitate or inhibit this spinal
reflex
Spinal reflexive dilation of the penile
arterioles; non-adrenergic neurons
release nitric oxide (NO) to relax the
arterioles and blood enters the
erectile tissues
Draining veins are compressed by
engorgement (vasocongestion),
creating a closed system

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19
Q

what does vasocongestion lead to

A

creating a closed system

20
Q

what undergoes vasocongestion

A

draining veins are compressed by engorgement/ vasoconstriction

21
Q

vascular component of the penis- erection

A
  • Increase in blood flow due to decreased arterial resistance results in some erection
  • Venous compression to trap blood volume enhances penile rigidity (tumescence)
22
Q

tumerscence

A

penile rigidity

23
Q

corpus spongiosum

A

Open system
High flow
Low pressure
Does not impinge on urethra

24
Q

corpus cavernosum

A
  • Closed system
  • Outflow obstructed
  • Low flow
  • High pressure
25
Q

remedy for erectile dysfunction

A

inhibit cGMP breadown to maintain relaxation of corpus cavernosum by inhibiting phosphodiesterase type 5

26
Q

how is the emisison phase accomplished

A

Sympathetic control leads to sequential contractions of smooth muscles of the reproductive tract and accessory glands to deliver things to the posterior urethra

27
Q

what is delivered to the posterior urethra

A

1) prostate gland delivers fluid
2) epididymis and vas deferens (ductus deferens) deliver spermatozoa
3) seminal vesicle delivers fluid (all combined = semen)

28
Q

what prevents retrograde ejaculation

A

Sphincter at the bladder neck contracts to prevents retrograde ejaculation and to prevent urine from being mixed with semen

29
Q

what triggers nerve impulses that activate
skeletal muscles at the base of the penis

A

urethra filling with semen

30
Q

what increases the system pressure in the penis and what does this lead to

A

Rhythmic contractions increase the system pressure, leading to forcible expulsion of semen outside of the body via the urethra

31
Q

average semen voluem

A

1.5-6 ml with many million sperm per ml

32
Q

what happens when male ejaculation occurs during sexual intercourse with female that has recently ovulated

A

oocyte fertilization by a single spermatozoan and pairing of the haploid genomes to
form a diploid zygote is the moment of conception

33
Q

when must fertilization occur

A

within 24 hrs of oculation

34
Q

why is semen temporarily clotted

A

to remain in the vagina it then liquifies to release the sperm

35
Q

what happens to sperm in the female reproductive tract

A

Spermatozoa undergo an enhanced maturation process called “capacitation” in the female reproductive tract; they exhibit hypermotility and become competent to fertilize an ovum

36
Q

what propells the spermatozoa to the oviduct

A

Spermatozoa are also propelled to the oviduct by contractions of the female reproductive tract

37
Q

what helps spermatozoa and oocyte meet

A

evidence of chemo attractants bw the two

38
Q

how many sperm reach the ovum

A

very few

39
Q

what causes acrosome reaction anad what is it

A

Physical binding of sperm head with zona pellucida (ZP) leads to the
“acrosome reaction” and acrosomal enzymes are released to drill through the ZP

40
Q

what happens when spermatozoan fuses its plasma membrane with the oocyte membrane

A

its nucleus is released into the cytoplasm

41
Q

what does sperm fusion trigger

A

ca signalling cascade in the oocyte cytoplasm which triggers;
a) Triggers the completion of MII
b) Releases cortical granules into the space between the membrane and ZP; inactivates ZP binding proteins (blocks polyspermy)

42
Q

when does conception occur

A

Within an hour, the oocyte and sperm nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote

43
Q

what happens as acrosome drills throug the ovum membrane

A

its acrosomal membrane becomes disrupted

44
Q

IVF female oocyte fertilization

A

stimulated by exogenous hormone sequence

45
Q

ivf

A

Collection of ovulated oocytes (stimulated by exogenous hormone sequence in the female) and semen from separate partners
* Fertilization (conception) under lab conditions;
* Monitor the early embryo development and selection for re-implantation in the prepared uterus (secretory phase of the cycle; prepared endometrium + hormone administration to be sure)

46
Q

ICSI

A

Direct injection of the spermatozoan nucleus into an isolated MII oocyt

47
Q

ART

A

assited reproductive technologies
therapeutic option for heterosexual couples experiencing infertility, and a fertility
option for same-sex couples, surrogate pregnancies, etc.

MED 310 (47 decks)

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