extra Flashcards
what is present between afferent and efferent fibres of spinal nerves
interneuron
stepping on something sharp
crossed extention coupled with withdrawal reflex
what does a stimulus do to a receptor
inc its permeability, causing non selective opening of all ion channels causing influx of sodium and depolarization
what has no refractory period
receptor
where are tertiary sensory neurons
in thalamus
tactile receptors in skin phasic or tonic
phasic
muscle stretch and joint phasic or tonic
tonic
what displays labelled line coding
somatosensory
what neurons do lateral inhibition
secondary neurons in spinal chord or medulla
neuron firing in wakeful state
not coordinated due to RAS
what hapepns to the two cells produced by the mitotic division of the spermatogonia
one goes to the germ line to maintain it
what hapepns to the two cells produced by the mitotic division of the spermatogonia
one goes to the germ line to maintain it
one goes to lumen to undergo spermatogenesis
when do sperm cells stop sharing cytoplasm
between spermatid and spermatozoa
process of spermatid to spermatozoa
spermiogenesis not spermatogeneiss
where are spermatozoa stored and concentrated
epidydimis
how is semen quality measured
spermiogram
where does sperm emission occru
in the urethra
how is the erection generating centre triggered
mechanically by touching glans penis
what does cGMP maintain
corpus cavernosum relaxation
ICSI what type of oocyte
MII
what develops into the fetal portion of the placenta
tropoblast
what does the inner cell mass of the blastocyst become
fetus
decidua
endometrium
what secretes hCG
tropoblast cells
where is the blastocyst when implantation finishes
buried in the endomedrium
when do braxton hicks contractinos occur
during latee gestation
what happesn during late gestation
fetus shifts downwards snad drops
softening of cervix by relaxin and CL of pregnancy
braxton hicks contarctions
what produces relaxin
placenta
onset triggers of parturuition
high CRH, high estrogen, inflamatory respones
why does uternien onvolution take place
because estrogen and progesterone drop rapidly bc placental source is gone
lochia
remainig endometrial tissue shed as normal vaginal discharge
how many weeks is premature
3
what stimulates hCS
high estrogen
what initiates lactatio
sudden drop in progesteron and estrogen after delivery
lobule number per breast
15-20
where are alveoli
in lobules
mulk producing unit
alveolus clustered into terminal lobules
how is milk deliverred to nipple
duct system
when are mammary glands functional and alveolar ductal system functional
mammary glands prepare during pregnancy and alveoli not functional until after birth
wehn is mature milk produced
25 days
when is collustrum produced
3 days
contains immunity factors, minerals, protein, rediness for newbron GI tract to have a microbiome
collustrum
what are the defensice agents in breastmilk
mucus, lactoferrin (iron binding to inhibit bad gut bacteria) stimulatro ymolecule for good gut bacteria (bifidus factor)
hormones that are permissive for lactation
cortisol, insulin, PTH, GH
galactogogues
increase PROLACTIN hormone in women insuffieicntj in mmilk production
what suppreses menstrual cycle
breastfeeding, LH and FSH suppressed
feedback of oral contracceptives
negative
clamping oviduct
tubal ligation
what do oral cnotraceptives do
supress FSH and LH for 21 days then off for 7 days
what does morning after pill do
synthetic progesterone effective up to 5 day
