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MED 310 > INTRO > Flashcards

INTRO Flashcards

1
Q

Frederick banting

A

1923- insulin

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2
Q

charles huggins

A

1966- how hormones control the spread of some cancers

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3
Q

david hubel

A

1981- information processing in the visual system

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4
Q

jack szostak

A

2009- how chromosomes are protected by telomeres

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5
Q

ralph steinman

A

2011- the dendritic cells and its role in adaptive immunity

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6
Q

physiology

A

study of normal functioning of a living organism and its compoenent parts including chemical and physical processes

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7
Q

what makes up 99%

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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8
Q

what makes up 1%

A

calcium, phosphorus, potassium

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9
Q

four primary types of tissues

A

nervous tissue- electrical impulse transmission
muscle tissue- force generation
epithelial tissue-secretory function
connective tissue-support and anchoring function

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10
Q

organ level

A

two or more types of primary tissue

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11
Q

organ example

A

stomach: inside wall is lined with epethelial tissue
wall of stomach contains smooth muscle
nervous tissue controls contration and gland secretion
connective tissue binds it all together

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12
Q

do body systems act in isolation

A

no

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13
Q

central concept of physiology

A

homeostasis

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14
Q

intrinsic control system

A

local control of muscle

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15
Q

extrinsic control system

A

nervous and endocrine control of various organs

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16
Q

examples of positive feedback

A

childirth
wound clotting

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17
Q

ECF

A

Extracellular fluid
contains plasma and interstitial fluid

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18
Q

functions of cell membrane

A

physical barrier
gateway for exchange
communication
cell structure (junctions stabilize tissue structure)

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19
Q

examples of membrane proteins

A

ion channels
carrier molecules
membrane bound enzymes
receptors
cell adhesion molecules

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20
Q

can aqueous molecules go through the membrane

A

no unless they have some sort of transportaion

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21
Q

assisted transport

A

carrier mediated
-passive or active
vesicular transport

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22
Q

two properties influence if substance can permeate without assitance

A

relative solubility
size of particle

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23
Q

what are the two forces that drive molecules to permeate the plasma membrane on their own

A

chemical and electrical

(electrochemical)

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24
Q

no net diffuction

A

steady state

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25
Q

diffusion across a lipid bilayer

A

simple diffusion

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26
Q

how is diffusion across a lipid bilayer controlled

A

the surface area of the membrane and the thickness of the membrane, concentration gradient, molecular wieght, – FICKS LAW OF DIFFUSION

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27
Q

tonicity

A

the effect a solution has on cell volume (non penetration solutes)

28
Q

hypotonic

A

more solute inside and SWELL

29
Q

hypertonic

A

more solute outside and SHRINK

30
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

passitve transport (down concentration gradient)

31
Q

example of facilitated diffusion

A

transport of glucose into a cell

32
Q

difference bw carrier mediated transprt and simple diffusion

A

carrier mediated is directly proportional to concentration gradient until the carrier is saturated

33
Q

NA K pump how many in and out

A

3 Na out
2 K in

34
Q

phagocytosis

A

actin mediated process by which a cell engulfs a particle into a large membrane bound vesicle called a phagosome

35
Q

what produces and packages materials for secrection

A

ER and golgi complex

36
Q

what requires exocytosis

A

secretion of horomes or enzymes, addition of compoenents to membrane, membrane recycling

37
Q

what regulates the release of secretory vesicles

A

intracellular Ca2+

38
Q

what is membrane potential influenced by

A

permeability of a few important ions

39
Q

where does seperation of charge take place

A

across the membrane

40
Q

what determines membrane potential

A
  1. concentration of ions inside and outside
  2. permability
  3. activity of electrogenc pumps
41
Q

potential

A

separation of charge

42
Q

where are the negative charged proteins that are impermeable in the cell membrane

A

inside the cell

43
Q

what is membrane potential measured in

A

milivolts

44
Q

resting membrane potential

A

-70, minus means cells is negative on inside

45
Q

permability of Na

A

moderate

46
Q

permeability of k

A

high

47
Q

permeabiity of A-

A

no permeability

48
Q

eqm potential for k

A

-90

49
Q

eqm potential for Na

A

+60

50
Q

equilibrium potential

A

in a cell that is permeable to just one ion, the membrane potential that exactly opposes the concentration gradient

51
Q

why is the membrane potential closer to that of k and not Na

A

becasue at rest the membrane is 50-75x more permeable to k so it infleunces the resting membrane portential to a greater extent

52
Q

concentration of Cl

A

higher in ECF

53
Q

permeability of Cl

A

high

54
Q

eqm potentioa of Cl

A

-70

55
Q

depolarization

A

net inward flow of +ve ions

56
Q

hyperpolarization

A

net outward flow of +ve ions

57
Q

repolarization

A

returning to resting potential after being deporalized

58
Q

types of gated channels

A
  1. voltage
  2. chemically
  3. mechanically
  4. thermally
59
Q

2 types of electric signals

A
  1. graded
  2. action
60
Q

graded potentials

A

local changed in membrane potential in small specialized region of excitable cell membranes produced by triggering events. magnitude and duration is related to magnitude and duration of triggering event

61
Q

what kind of gated channels for graded potentials

A

chemically or mechanically

62
Q

how can depolarixation spread from a trigger zone

A

by local current

63
Q

can current loss occur across the membrane

A

ye

64
Q

signalling distance of graded potential

A

limited due to currrent loss but graded potentials can sum to initiate action potentials

65
Q

equation used to calculate the resting membrane potential at 37

A

GHK equation

MED 310 (47 decks)

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