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MED 310 > CNS1 > Flashcards

CNS1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two major types of cells in the central nervous system

A

neurons and glial cells

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2
Q

what are the effectors or sensors

A

neurons

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3
Q

what do glial cells do

A

play an important role in protection and support

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4
Q

what is the grey matter

A

neurons

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5
Q

what are the types of glial cells

A

oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
schwann cells
satelite cells

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6
Q

what glial cells are in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

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7
Q

what glial cells are in PNS

A

schwann cells
satelite cells

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8
Q

What are mylenated tracts in the CNS: white matter

A

glial cells

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9
Q

what lies enirely within the CNS

A

interneurons

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10
Q

what are interneurons a part of

A

intrinsic circuits

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11
Q

what are nerves

A

long bundles of sensory and motor acons in the PNS

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12
Q

what protects and nourishes the brain

A

glia, meninges, CSF, and BBB

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13
Q

what are half of the cells in the brain

A

glial cells

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14
Q

what serves as the connective tissues of the brain

A

glial cells

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15
Q

what do glia do

A

maintains the homeostatic composition of the extracellular enviroment surrounding neurons

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16
Q

physically support neurons in proper spacial relationships

A

induce formation of BBB

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17
Q

serve as a scaffold during fetal brain development

A

astrocyte

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18
Q

form neural scar tissue

A

astrocyte

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19
Q

take up and degrade released neurotransmitters into raw materials for synthesis of more neurotransmitters by neurons

A

astrocytes

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20
Q

take up exess k to help maintain proper brain ECF concentration and normal neural excitability

A

astrocytes

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21
Q

enhance synapse formation and strengthen synaptic transmission via chemical signallling with neurons

A

astrocyte

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22
Q

form myelin sheath in CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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23
Q

play a role in defense of brain as phagocytic scavengers

A

microglia

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24
Q

line internal cavities of brain and spinal chord

A

ependymal cells

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25
Q

contribute to formation of cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

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26
Q

serve as neural stem cells with potential to form new neurons and glial cells

A

ependymal cells

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27
Q

what seperates the two hemispheres

A

the longitudinal fissure

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28
Q

what are the layers of the meminges

A

PAD
pia mater
arachnoid mater
dura mater

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29
Q

what protects the brain and spinal chord

A

3 layer sheath of the meninges

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30
Q

most fragile inner most layer

A

pia mater

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31
Q

middle meninges membrane

A

arachnoid mater

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32
Q

tough outer most layer

A

dura mater

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33
Q

where is the subarachnoid space

A

the space bw the arachnoid mater and pia mater

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34
Q

what does the subarachnoid space contain

A

filled with csf and contains the blood vessesl that supply the brain

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35
Q

what does the brain and spinal chord fload in

A

fluid filled space called cerebrospinal fluid

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36
Q

how many ventricles are in the brain

A

four

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37
Q

what produces the CSF

A

choroid plexus inside vernticles

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38
Q

where does the CSF circulate

A

through the ventricles and exits the fourth ventricle and flows in the subarachnoid space and is reabsorbed from subarachnoid space into venous blood via the arachnoid vili

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39
Q

what are the 2 purposes of the CSF

A

physical and chemical

bouyancy reduces weight of the brain makes it 30x lighter less pressure on vessels and nerves

provides protective padding, fluid absorbs some of the shock

creates regulated extracellular enviroment for the neurons, not same as plasma, lower k, ca, hco3, and glucose: na is similar

contains little proteins and no blood vessels

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40
Q

spinal tap

A

when samples of CSF test positive for the presence of protien or blood cells and it suggest infection

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41
Q

volume of csf

A

125-150

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42
Q

how many times is the csf volume replaced

A

3x a day

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43
Q

what does problems with csf formation and reabsorption lead to

A

hydrocephalus

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44
Q

functional barrier between interstitial fluid and blood

A

BBB

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45
Q

what does the BBB limit the passage of

A

blood borne agents into CNS

46
Q

what does the selective permeability of brain capilaries protect the brain from

A

toxins, flucutations in hormones, ions, and neuroactive substances in the blood

47
Q

what cells make up the BBB

A

endothelial cells of the brain capilaries

48
Q

what forms tight junctions in the BBB

A

endothelial cells

49
Q

what is a way that things can possible exchange though in the BBB

A

the endothelial cells themselves

50
Q

what can cross through the endothelial cells

A

lipid soluble substances such as oxygen, co2, steroid hormonse, and alcohol

51
Q

how do water soluble molecules cross the BBB

A

cannot unless via specific carrier

52
Q

where is the BBB leaky

A

curcumbentricular organs such as neurohypophysis of the pituitary

53
Q

what percentage of blood pumped by the heart goes to the brain

A

15%

54
Q

what can the brain no do without oxygen

A

produce ATP

55
Q

how long can the brain last without oxygen

A

5 min leads to brain damage

56
Q

how much of the bodies glucose consumption does the brain use

A

1/2

57
Q

what moves gucose from the plasma into the brain interstitial fluid

A

membrane transporters

58
Q

what does hypoglycemia lead to

A

confusion, unconsciousnesss, and death

59
Q

how long can the brain last wihthout glucoe before there is damage

A

more than 15 min

60
Q

what is in the brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla

61
Q

functions of the cerebral cortex

A

sensory perception
voluntary control of movement
language
personality traits
sophisticated mental events such as thinking, memory, decision making, creativity, and self consciousness

62
Q

basal nuclei major functions

A

inhibition of muscle tone
coordinatino of slow sustained movement
supression of useless patterns of movement

63
Q

thalamus major funcions

A

relay station for all synaptic input
crude awareness of sensation
some degree of consciousness
role in motor control

64
Q

hypothalamus major functions

A

regulation of many homeostatic functions such as temp control, thirst, urine output, and food intake
important link bw nervous and endocrine system
extensive involvement with emotion and basic behaviourla patterns
sleep wake cycle

65
Q

cerebellum major fucntions

A

maintenance of balance
enhancement of muscle tone
coordination and planning of skilled voluntary muscle activity

66
Q

brain stem functions

A

origin of majority of peripheral cranial nerves
cardiovascular respiratory and digestive control centres
regualtion of muscle reglexes involved with equilibrium and posture
reception and integration of all synaptic inuput from spinal chord, arousal and activation of cebreal cortex
role in sleep wake cycle

67
Q

gyrus

A

the bulges of the grey matter

68
Q

sulcus

A

the inside of the buldgse of the grey mattter

69
Q

what is on the outside of the brain, grey or white matter

A

grey

70
Q

what colour is the cerebral cortex and the core

A

cerebral cortex is grey, core is white

71
Q

what is grey matter composed of

A

neuronal cells, dendrites and glial cells

72
Q

whre does integration of neural input and initiation of neural ouptut take place

A

grey matter

73
Q

what does the white matter consist of

A

bunbdles of myelinated nerve fibres that interconnect with brain areas

74
Q

what is the cerebral cortex orginaixed into

A

six well defined layers also organized into vertically organized columns of cells

75
Q

lobes in the cerebral cortex

A

occipital lobe
temportal lobe
parietal lobe
frontal lobe

76
Q

what lobe recieves and processes visual inputs

A

occipital lobe

77
Q

what lobe receives and processes auditory inupts

A

temportal lobes

78
Q

what lobes receive and process somatoesnsory input

A

parietal lobe

79
Q

what lobe has voluntary motor activity, speaking, and elaboration of thought

A

frontal lobes

80
Q

what detects magnitude of blood flow in the brain

A

PET

81
Q

what does the pirmary auditory cortex receive

A

topographic sensory fibres from the cochlea of each each mapped by pitch

82
Q

what are associative strutcures in the temporal lobe involved in

A

higher order processing of auditory and visual information such as language comprehension and object perception (ventral stream)

83
Q

where are the hippocampus and amygdala

A

temporal lobe

84
Q

what ar the hippocampus and amugladal important for

A

episodic memory formation of recent events

85
Q

where isthe limbic association cortex

A

temportal lobe

86
Q

where is the primaty visual cortex

A

occipital lobe

87
Q

what does each hemisphere of the occipital lobe receive info from eye wise

A

from both eyes in one hemifield via optic nevre and thalamus (LGN)

88
Q

whre does the visual hemi field project onto

A

primary visual cortex upside down and reversed

89
Q

area in front of the central sulcus

A

PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX

90
Q

plan and execute movements in coordination with pre motor cortex

A

primary motor cortex

91
Q

controls muscle movement on opposite sides of the body

A

primary motor cortex

92
Q

depicts the location and relative amount of motor cortex devouted to ouptut to the muscles of each body part

A

motor homonculus

93
Q

higher motor areas

A

supplementary motor crotex

94
Q

muscles of each body part are represented topographically

A

motor humoncylus

95
Q

what is adjascent in motor humonculus

A

motor areas are adjacent to sensory areas for the same body regions facilitation communication
this is called tactile exploration

96
Q

where does the primary motor cortex project to

A

motor neurons that directly innervate the skeletal muscle

97
Q

executes muscel movements by coordinated activation of multiple muscle groups

A

frontal lobe- primary motor cortex

98
Q

low level info

A

neurons incode force, direction, and speed of movemnt

99
Q

motor cortex controls what on what side

A

on each side controls the opposite side of the body
tracts originating in the cortex cross before continuing downthe spinal chord

100
Q

signals preparation for movement, informed of bodys position in relation to target, codes behavioural context/ goals, correct and inccorect actions

A

premotor cortex

101
Q

plays a preparatory role in programming complex sequences of moveemnt, responds to remembered movement, active during action and imagination of action

A

supplementary motor area

102
Q

planning and organixation of goal directed behaviour, working memory and decision making

A

prefrontal cortex

103
Q

where is somaesthetic sensation projected to

A

primary somatorsensory cortex

104
Q

site for processing touch inputs and features of the object you are holding

A

primary somatosensory cortex

105
Q

whre is the somatosensory cortex

A

in the parietal lobe

106
Q

area posterior to central sulcus

A

somatosensory cortex

107
Q

where is info acquired by PNS processing relayed to

A

CNS and somatosensory cortex

108
Q

integrates touch, vision and audition information in spacial context and is PART OF THE DORSAL STREAM

A

associative parietal cortex

109
Q

where does the primary sensory cortex recieve info from

A

the opposite side of the body

110
Q

what are the association cortexes

A

prefrontal association cortex
parietal temporal occipital association cortex
limbic association cortex

111
Q

how much space in the cerebral cortex do association areas take up

A

one half

MED 310 (47 decks)

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