CNS1 Flashcards
1
Q
what are the two major types of cells in the central nervous system
A
neurons and glial cells
2
Q
what are the effectors or sensors
A
neurons
3
Q
what do glial cells do
A
play an important role in protection and support
4
Q
what is the grey matter
A
neurons
5
Q
what are the types of glial cells
A
oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
schwann cells
satelite cells
6
Q
what glial cells are in the CNS
A
oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
7
Q
what glial cells are in PNS
A
schwann cells
satelite cells
8
Q
What are mylenated tracts in the CNS: white matter
A
glial cells
9
Q
what lies enirely within the CNS
A
interneurons
10
Q
what are interneurons a part of
A
intrinsic circuits
11
Q
what are nerves
A
long bundles of sensory and motor acons in the PNS
12
Q
what protects and nourishes the brain
A
glia, meninges, CSF, and BBB
13
Q
what are half of the cells in the brain
A
glial cells
14
Q
what serves as the connective tissues of the brain
A
glial cells
15
Q
what do glia do
A
maintains the homeostatic composition of the extracellular enviroment surrounding neurons
16
Q
physically support neurons in proper spacial relationships
A
induce formation of BBB
17
Q
serve as a scaffold during fetal brain development
A
astrocyte
18
Q
form neural scar tissue
A
astrocyte
19
Q
take up and degrade released neurotransmitters into raw materials for synthesis of more neurotransmitters by neurons
A
astrocytes
20
Q
take up exess k to help maintain proper brain ECF concentration and normal neural excitability
A
astrocytes
21
Q
enhance synapse formation and strengthen synaptic transmission via chemical signallling with neurons
A
astrocyte
22
Q
form myelin sheath in CNS
A
oligodendrocytes
23
Q
play a role in defense of brain as phagocytic scavengers
A
microglia
24
Q
line internal cavities of brain and spinal chord
A
ependymal cells
25
contribute to formation of cerebrospinal fluid
ependymal cells
26
serve as neural stem cells with potential to form new neurons and glial cells
ependymal cells
27
what seperates the two hemispheres
the longitudinal fissure
28
what are the layers of the meminges
PAD
pia mater
arachnoid mater
dura mater
29
what protects the brain and spinal chord
3 layer sheath of the meninges
30
most fragile inner most layer
pia mater
31
middle meninges membrane
arachnoid mater
32
tough outer most layer
dura mater
33
where is the subarachnoid space
the space bw the arachnoid mater and pia mater
34
what does the subarachnoid space contain
filled with csf and contains the blood vessesl that supply the brain
35
what does the brain and spinal chord fload in
fluid filled space called cerebrospinal fluid
36
how many ventricles are in the brain
four
37
what produces the CSF
choroid plexus inside vernticles
38
where does the CSF circulate
through the ventricles and exits the fourth ventricle and flows in the subarachnoid space and is reabsorbed from subarachnoid space into venous blood via the arachnoid vili
39
what are the 2 purposes of the CSF
physical and chemical
bouyancy reduces weight of the brain makes it 30x lighter less pressure on vessels and nerves
provides protective padding, fluid absorbs some of the shock
creates regulated extracellular enviroment for the neurons, not same as plasma, lower k, ca, hco3, and glucose: na is similar
contains little proteins and no blood vessels
40
spinal tap
when samples of CSF test positive for the presence of protien or blood cells and it suggest infection
41
volume of csf
125-150
42
how many times is the csf volume replaced
3x a day
43
what does problems with csf formation and reabsorption lead to
hydrocephalus
44
functional barrier between interstitial fluid and blood
BBB
45
what does the BBB limit the passage of
blood borne agents into CNS
46
what does the selective permeability of brain capilaries protect the brain from
toxins, flucutations in hormones, ions, and neuroactive substances in the blood
47
what cells make up the BBB
endothelial cells of the brain capilaries
48
what forms tight junctions in the BBB
endothelial cells
49
what is a way that things can possible exchange though in the BBB
the endothelial cells themselves
50
what can cross through the endothelial cells
lipid soluble substances such as oxygen, co2, steroid hormonse, and alcohol
51
how do water soluble molecules cross the BBB
cannot unless via specific carrier
52
where is the BBB leaky
curcumbentricular organs such as neurohypophysis of the pituitary
53
what percentage of blood pumped by the heart goes to the brain
15%
54
what can the brain no do without oxygen
produce ATP
55
how long can the brain last without oxygen
5 min leads to brain damage
56
how much of the bodies glucose consumption does the brain use
1/2
57
what moves gucose from the plasma into the brain interstitial fluid
membrane transporters
58
what does hypoglycemia lead to
confusion, unconsciousnesss, and death
59
how long can the brain last wihthout glucoe before there is damage
more than 15 min
60
what is in the brainstem
midbrain, pons, and medulla
61
functions of the cerebral cortex
sensory perception
voluntary control of movement
language
personality traits
sophisticated mental events such as thinking, memory, decision making, creativity, and self consciousness
62
basal nuclei major functions
inhibition of muscle tone
coordinatino of slow sustained movement
supression of useless patterns of movement
63
thalamus major funcions
relay station for all synaptic input
crude awareness of sensation
some degree of consciousness
role in motor control
64
hypothalamus major functions
regulation of many homeostatic functions such as temp control, thirst, urine output, and food intake
important link bw nervous and endocrine system
extensive involvement with emotion and basic behaviourla patterns
sleep wake cycle
65
cerebellum major fucntions
maintenance of balance
enhancement of muscle tone
coordination and planning of skilled voluntary muscle activity
66
brain stem functions
origin of majority of peripheral cranial nerves
cardiovascular respiratory and digestive control centres
regualtion of muscle reglexes involved with equilibrium and posture
reception and integration of all synaptic inuput from spinal chord, arousal and activation of cebreal cortex
role in sleep wake cycle
67
gyrus
the bulges of the grey matter
68
sulcus
the inside of the buldgse of the grey mattter
69
what is on the outside of the brain, grey or white matter
grey
70
what colour is the cerebral cortex and the core
cerebral cortex is grey, core is white
71
what is grey matter composed of
neuronal cells, dendrites and glial cells
72
whre does integration of neural input and initiation of neural ouptut take place
grey matter
73
what does the white matter consist of
bunbdles of myelinated nerve fibres that interconnect with brain areas
74
what is the cerebral cortex orginaixed into
six well defined layers also organized into vertically organized columns of cells
75
lobes in the cerebral cortex
occipital lobe
temportal lobe
parietal lobe
frontal lobe
76
what lobe recieves and processes visual inputs
occipital lobe
77
what lobe receives and processes auditory inupts
temportal lobes
78
what lobes receive and process somatoesnsory input
parietal lobe
79
what lobe has voluntary motor activity, speaking, and elaboration of thought
frontal lobes
80
what detects magnitude of blood flow in the brain
PET
81
what does the pirmary auditory cortex receive
topographic sensory fibres from the cochlea of each each mapped by pitch
82
what are associative strutcures in the temporal lobe involved in
higher order processing of auditory and visual information such as language comprehension and object perception (ventral stream)
83
where are the hippocampus and amygdala
temporal lobe
84
what ar the hippocampus and amugladal important for
episodic memory formation of recent events
85
where isthe limbic association cortex
temportal lobe
86
where is the primaty visual cortex
occipital lobe
87
what does each hemisphere of the occipital lobe receive info from eye wise
from both eyes in one hemifield via optic nevre and thalamus (LGN)
88
whre does the visual hemi field project onto
primary visual cortex upside down and reversed
89
area in front of the central sulcus
PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX
90
plan and execute movements in coordination with pre motor cortex
primary motor cortex
91
controls muscle movement on opposite sides of the body
primary motor cortex
92
depicts the location and relative amount of motor cortex devouted to ouptut to the muscles of each body part
motor homonculus
93
higher motor areas
supplementary motor crotex
94
muscles of each body part are represented topographically
motor humoncylus
95
what is adjascent in motor humonculus
motor areas are adjacent to sensory areas for the same body regions facilitation communication
this is called tactile exploration
96
where does the primary motor cortex project to
motor neurons that directly innervate the skeletal muscle
97
executes muscel movements by coordinated activation of multiple muscle groups
frontal lobe- primary motor cortex
98
low level info
neurons incode force, direction, and speed of movemnt
99
motor cortex controls what on what side
on each side controls the opposite side of the body
tracts originating in the cortex cross before continuing downthe spinal chord
100
signals preparation for movement, informed of bodys position in relation to target, codes behavioural context/ goals, correct and inccorect actions
premotor cortex
101
plays a preparatory role in programming complex sequences of moveemnt, responds to remembered movement, active during action and imagination of action
supplementary motor area
102
planning and organixation of goal directed behaviour, working memory and decision making
prefrontal cortex
103
where is somaesthetic sensation projected to
primary somatorsensory cortex
104
site for processing touch inputs and features of the object you are holding
primary somatosensory cortex
105
whre is the somatosensory cortex
in the parietal lobe
106
area posterior to central sulcus
somatosensory cortex
107
where is info acquired by PNS processing relayed to
CNS and somatosensory cortex
108
integrates touch, vision and audition information in spacial context and is PART OF THE DORSAL STREAM
associative parietal cortex
109
where does the primary sensory cortex recieve info from
the opposite side of the body
110
what are the association cortexes
prefrontal association cortex
parietal temporal occipital association cortex
limbic association cortex
111
how much space in the cerebral cortex do association areas take up
one half
