sexual differenetiation

Question 1

how many chromosomes do gametes have

Answer 1

23

Question 2

primary reproductive organs that generate gametes

Answer 2

gonads

Question 3

delivers the gametes

Answer 3

reproductive tract

Question 4

what supports gametes and intercourse

Answer 4

accessory sex glands that primarily produce secretions

Question 5

what is the first time we have genetically unique individual 2n=46 chromosomes

Answer 5

conception

Question 6

what dictates what the genetic sex- sexual determination- of the embryo

Answer 6

what chromosome the sperm delivers. sperm can deliver either x or y and female always give x

Question 7

when does the embryonic window for sex specification start

Answer 7

at 6 weeks of gestation out of 38

Question 8

karyotypes

Answer 8

chromosome spreads

Question 9

what is true about the sexuality of the early human embryo

Answer 9

it is not sexually specified. from conception to 6 wks, the embryo is internally and externally identical in terms of reproductive systems

Question 10

what is true about the sexuality of the early human embryo

Answer 10

it is not sexually specified. from conception to 6 wks, the embryo is internally and externally identical in terms of reproductive systems

early embryonic gonad is unspecified and undiferentiated and bipotential- wiating for signals

Question 11

female reproductive tract

Answer 11

mullerian

Question 12

male reproductive tract

Answer 12

wollfian

Question 13

what tracts are present in the female and the male reproductiev tracts

Answer 13

both mullerian and wolffian reproductive tracts

Question 14

what dictates gonadal sex

Answer 14

genetic sex

Question 15

what establishes male gonadal sex

Answer 15

SRY transcription factor in chromosome Y

Question 16

when do the male gonads established

Answer 16

at 7 weeks

Question 17

what happens in the absence of the SRY transcription factor

Answer 17

a different signalling pattern ensues to determine the female gonadal sex

Question 18

what is established when the SRY transcription factor is working or not

Answer 18

gonadal sex: testes or ovaries

Question 19

when are internal reproduvtive tracts differentiated

Answer 19

after gonads are differentiated

Question 20

what signals wolffian duct development

Answer 20

MIF (AMH) and androgens

Question 21

what permits mullerina duct developent

Answer 21

absense of androgen and MIF (AMH)

Question 22

what kind of hormone is MIG

Answer 22

protein hormone

Question 23

what is testosterone converted to

Answer 23

dihydrotestosterone

Question 24

what does MIF stand for and what does it do

Answer 24

mullerian inhibiting factor- degererates mullerian ducts

Question 25

what leads to the degenerations of the wolffian ducts

Answer 25

absense of testosterone

Question 26

what promotes the developement of undifferntiated external genetalia along male lines such as penis and scrotum

Answer 26

dihydrotestosterone

Question 27

what transforms wolffian ducts into male reproductive tract such as epididymus, ducts deferense, ejaculatory ducts, seminal vesicles

Answer 27

testosterone

Question 28

what is phenotypic sex determined by

Answer 28

presense or absense of masculinizing hormones

Question 29

what leads to the development of mullerian ducts into female reproductive tract such as oviducts or uterus

Answer 29

absense of MIF

Question 30

what leads to the development of undifferentiated external genitalia along female lines such as clitoris and labia

Answer 30

absense of testosterone

Question 31

what are some androgens

Answer 31

testosteone, dihydrotestosteone, MIF/AMH

Question 32

what supports the develpment of male reproductive tract and external male genitalia

Answer 32

androgens

Question 33

what does AMH stand for

Answer 33

antimullerian hormone

Question 34

when are external genitalia didfferentiated

Answer 34

after gonads

Question 35

when is sex specific hormone profiles made

Answer 35

7-9 weeks

Question 36

when is phenotypic sex present

Answer 36

differentiation of external genitalia evident by 10-12 weeks

Question 37

what continues until birth

Answer 37

maturation of sex specific reproductive tract and ecternal genitalia

Question 38

what are the 3 embryological things that make up undifferentiated genitalia

Answer 38

genital tubercle urethral folds genital swellings

Question 39

what happens to the ovaries and the testes

Answer 39

ovaries remain in the abdominal cavity, testes descent into the scrotum

Question 40

what causes the testes to descend into the scrotum

Answer 40

androgens

Question 41

GUB

Answer 41

gubernaculum

Question 42

when do the testes descend

Answer 42

97% newborns have it and remainder 3% within 3 months after birth

Question 43

when do disorfers of sexual differentiation occur

Answer 43

when the signals are insufficient, absent or in excess

Question 44

what happnes when the SRY or TDF signalling is absent in male embryo

Answer 44

female developemnt (ovaries, tract, genitalia)

Question 45

what happens when there is absent androgen receptor in male embryo

Answer 45

male testes, female physical apprearance with breast develpemnt

Question 46

what happens when there is insufficient testosterone to DHT conversion in male embryo

Answer 46

male tesetes and reproductive tract, famale external genitalai

Question 47

what happens when there is exessive androgen production (adrenal gland) in female embryo

Answer 47

female ovary, male differentiation of reproductive tract and genitalia

Question 48

what happens at 6 weeks

Answer 48

sex specification starts

Question 49

what is true of the early human embryo

Answer 49

not sex specified. internal and external reproductive system is identical till 6 weeks both mullerian and wollfian tracts are present

Question 50

what is SRY

Answer 50

a trascription factor- sex determining gene of the y chromosome for testes development

Question 51

what is TDF

Answer 51

testis determining factor

Question 52

what produces TDF

Answer 52

SRY

Question 53

what develops first, the ecternal or internal reproductive organs

Answer 53

the external

Question 54

what is gonadal sex determined by

Answer 54

presense of SRY gene

Question 55

what are the two gonads

Answer 55

testis and ovaries

Question 56

what leads to differentiation of internal reproductive tracts

Answer 56

AMH/ MIF and androgens

Question 57

what does testosterone do in males for sex differentiation

Answer 57

promotes developemnt of external genitalia and internal tracts

Question 58

what androgens are used for sex differentiation

Answer 58

testosterone and hihydrotestosterone (DHT)

Question 59

what is AMH

Answer 59

antimullerian hormone

Question 60

what secretes AMH

Answer 60

sertoli cells

Question 61

when can you take an ultrasound for sex of baby

Answer 61

18-22 weeks

Question 62

maturation of what continues until birth

Answer 62

sex specific reproductive tract and ecternal genitalia

Question 63

what does the gential tubercle form in males

Answer 63

glans penis

Question 64

what does the genital tubercle form in females

Answer 64

glans clitoris

Question 65

what does the urethral folds form in females

Answer 65

labia minora, urethral opening, hymen , vagina, anus

Question 66

what do the urethral forms form in males

Answer 66

anus and urethra

Question 67

what do the genital swellings form in males

Answer 67

scrotum, penis shaft, prepuce,

Question 68

what do the genital swellings form in females

Answer 68

labia majora

Question 69

what does tstosterone do in males

Answer 69

form the internal reproductive tract

Question 70

what does DHT do in males

Answer 70

form external reproductive organs