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MED 310 > sexual differenetiation > Flashcards

sexual differenetiation Flashcards

1
Q

how many chromosomes do gametes have

A

23

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2
Q

primary reproductive organs that generate gametes

A

gonads

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3
Q

delivers the gametes

A

reproductive tract

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4
Q

what supports gametes and intercourse

A

accessory sex glands that primarily produce secretions

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5
Q

what is the first time we have genetically unique individual 2n=46 chromosomes

A

conception

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6
Q

what dictates what the genetic sex- sexual determination- of the embryo

A

what chromosome the sperm delivers. sperm can deliver either x or y and female always give x

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7
Q

when does the embryonic window for sex specification start

A

at 6 weeks of gestation out of 38

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8
Q

karyotypes

A

chromosome spreads

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9
Q

what is true about the sexuality of the early human embryo

A

it is not sexually specified. from conception to 6 wks, the embryo is internally and externally identical in terms of reproductive systems

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10
Q

what is true about the sexuality of the early human embryo

A

it is not sexually specified. from conception to 6 wks, the embryo is internally and externally identical in terms of reproductive systems

early embryonic gonad is unspecified and undiferentiated and bipotential- wiating for signals

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11
Q

female reproductive tract

A

mullerian

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12
Q

male reproductive tract

A

wollfian

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13
Q

what tracts are present in the female and the male reproductiev tracts

A

both mullerian and wolffian reproductive tracts

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14
Q

what dictates gonadal sex

A

genetic sex

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15
Q

what establishes male gonadal sex

A

SRY transcription factor in chromosome Y

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16
Q

when do the male gonads established

A

at 7 weeks

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17
Q

what happens in the absence of the SRY transcription factor

A

a different signalling pattern ensues to determine the female gonadal sex

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18
Q

what is established when the SRY transcription factor is working or not

A

gonadal sex: testes or ovaries

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19
Q

when are internal reproduvtive tracts differentiated

A

after gonads are differentiated

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20
Q

what signals wolffian duct development

A

MIF (AMH) and androgens

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21
Q

what permits mullerina duct developent

A

absense of androgen and MIF (AMH)

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22
Q

what kind of hormone is MIG

A

protein hormone

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23
Q

what is testosterone converted to

A

dihydrotestosterone

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24
Q

what does MIF stand for and what does it do

A

mullerian inhibiting factor- degererates mullerian ducts

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25
Q

what leads to the degenerations of the wolffian ducts

A

absense of testosterone

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26
Q

what promotes the developement of undifferntiated external genetalia along male lines such as penis and scrotum

A

dihydrotestosterone

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27
Q

what transforms wolffian ducts into male reproductive tract such as epididymus, ducts deferense, ejaculatory ducts, seminal vesicles

A

testosterone

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28
Q

what is phenotypic sex determined by

A

presense or absense of masculinizing hormones

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29
Q

what leads to the development of mullerian ducts into female reproductive tract such as oviducts or uterus

A

absense of MIF

30
Q

what leads to the development of undifferentiated external genitalia along female lines such as clitoris and labia

A

absense of testosterone

31
Q

what are some androgens

A

testosteone, dihydrotestosteone, MIF/AMH

32
Q

what supports the develpment of male reproductive tract and external male genitalia

A

androgens

33
Q

what does AMH stand for

A

antimullerian hormone

34
Q

when are external genitalia didfferentiated

A

after gonads

35
Q

when is sex specific hormone profiles made

A

7-9 weeks

36
Q

when is phenotypic sex present

A

differentiation of external genitalia evident by 10-12 weeks

37
Q

what continues until birth

A

maturation of sex specific reproductive tract and ecternal genitalia

38
Q

what are the 3 embryological things that make up undifferentiated genitalia

A

genital tubercle
urethral folds
genital swellings

39
Q

what happens to the ovaries and the testes

A

ovaries remain in the abdominal cavity, testes descent into the scrotum

40
Q

what causes the testes to descend into the scrotum

A

androgens

41
Q

GUB

A

gubernaculum

42
Q

when do the testes descend

A

97% newborns have it and remainder 3% within 3 months after birth

43
Q

when do disorfers of sexual differentiation occur

A

when the signals are insufficient, absent or in excess

44
Q

what happnes when the SRY or TDF signalling is absent in male embryo

A

female developemnt (ovaries, tract, genitalia)

45
Q

what happens when there is absent androgen receptor in male embryo

A

male testes, female physical apprearance with breast develpemnt

46
Q

what happens when there is insufficient testosterone to DHT conversion in male embryo

A

male tesetes and reproductive tract, famale external genitalai

47
Q

what happens when there is exessive androgen production (adrenal gland) in female embryo

A

female ovary, male differentiation of reproductive tract and genitalia

48
Q

what happens at 6 weeks

A

sex specification starts

49
Q

what is true of the early human embryo

A

not sex specified. internal and external reproductive system is identical till 6 weeks
both mullerian and wollfian tracts are present

50
Q

what is SRY

A

a trascription factor- sex determining gene of the y chromosome for testes development

51
Q

what is TDF

A

testis determining factor

52
Q

what produces TDF

A

SRY

53
Q

what develops first, the ecternal or internal reproductive organs

A

the external

54
Q

what is gonadal sex determined by

A

presense of SRY gene

55
Q

what are the two gonads

A

testis and ovaries

56
Q

what leads to differentiation of internal reproductive tracts

A

AMH/ MIF and androgens

57
Q

what does testosterone do in males for sex differentiation

A

promotes developemnt of external genitalia and internal tracts

58
Q

what androgens are used for sex differentiation

A

testosterone and hihydrotestosterone (DHT)

59
Q

what is AMH

A

antimullerian hormone

60
Q

what secretes AMH

A

sertoli cells

61
Q

when can you take an ultrasound for sex of baby

A

18-22 weeks

62
Q

maturation of what continues until birth

A

sex specific reproductive tract and ecternal genitalia

63
Q

what does the gential tubercle form in males

A

glans penis

64
Q

what does the genital tubercle form in females

A

glans clitoris

65
Q

what does the urethral folds form in females

A

labia minora, urethral opening, hymen , vagina, anus

66
Q

what do the urethral forms form in males

A

anus and urethra

67
Q

what do the genital swellings form in males

A

scrotum, penis shaft, prepuce,

68
Q

what do the genital swellings form in females

A

labia majora

69
Q

what does tstosterone do in males

A

form the internal reproductive tract

70
Q

what does DHT do in males

A

form external reproductive organs

MED 310 (47 decks)

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