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endocrinology of growth Flashcards

1
Q

BBB

A

specialized endothelium with tight junctions to strictly control enviromental exposure and protect the brain

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2
Q

where is the BBB lacking

A

regions where hormones are intended for entry to the circulation such as the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

regions where the neurons need to respond to stimuli from circulation such as osmolarity detetetion, vomiting centre

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3
Q

what in the anterior pituitary is programmed to secrete different trophic hormones

A

cells - tropes

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4
Q

how many and what are the 5 different cell populations within the anterior pituitary

A

5, they are

-somatotropes/somatotrophs; produce GH
-lacrotropes- produce prolactin
-tyrotropes- produce TSH- thyroid stimulating hormone
-gonadotropes- produce LH or FSH- leteinizing hormone or follicle stimulating hormone
cotricotropes- produce ACTH- adrenocorticotrophic hormone

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5
Q

what does the hormonal output of the anterior pituitary represent

A

a more complex endocrine negative feedback loop

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6
Q

what is the secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones controlled by

A

hypothalamic hormones

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7
Q

what is the special portal system

A

vascular network called the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

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8
Q

hypophysis meaning

A

pituitary

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9
Q

what is hormone 1 of the loop

A

hypothalamic releasing hormones or hypothalamic inhibiting hormones

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10
Q

what do hypothalamic releasing hormones do

A

stimulate release of a specific hormone from the cells of the anterior pituitary that express the releasing hormone receptor

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11
Q

what are the hypothalamic releasing hormones

A

-thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH
-cotricotropin releasing hormone CRH
-growth hormone releasing hormone GHRH
-prolactin releasing hormone PRH
-gonadotropin releasing hormone GNRH

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12
Q

what are two examples of hypothalamic inhibiting hormones

A

prolactin inhibitory hormone PIH/ dopamine

growth hormone inhibitory hormone GHIH

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13
Q

what is dopamine

A

a neurotransmitter in the brain as well as prolactin inhibitory hormone

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14
Q

what cells secrete anterior pituitary hormones into systemic blood

A

endocrine cells of anterior pituitary

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15
Q

what secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones into portal system

A

neurosecretory neurons in hypothalamus

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16
Q

what inacts negative feedback on the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary

A

hormone 3

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17
Q

what hormones exhibit circadian/ dinural rhythms. what does this arise from

A

hypothalamic releasing hormones, their anterior pituitary hormones and their target cell hormones

this arises from intrinsic neural oscillators

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18
Q

what is an exception to the dinural circadian rythm produced by the three hormones of the anterior pituitary loop

A

prolactin. its role in lactation does not need it to be dinural like that

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19
Q

how many and when are the peaks of circadian rhythm of secretion

A

1 major peak every 24 hrs

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20
Q

how many and when are the peaks of circadian rhythm of secretion

A

1 major peak every 24 hrs

each anterior pituitary hormones peaks at a different time and the endocrine activity of the target organs reflects this oscillation

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21
Q

what kind of molecule is cotrisol

A

a steroid

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22
Q

how much cortisol is there when we are awake compared to sleeping

A

low when asleep, high when awake

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23
Q

what are the 3 families of hormone 2 of the feedback loop in the anterior pituitary

A
  1. glycoprotein family
  2. POMC- pro-opiomelanocortin family
  3. GH/ prolactin family
24
Q

glycoprotein family facts

A

hydrophilic

produced and stored in anterior pituitary cells- gonadotropes or thyrotropes

25
what are the glycoprotein horomones
FSH- folicle stimulating hormone LH- lutenizing hormone both together are called gonadotropins TSH- thyroid stimulating hormone
26
what do gonadotropins FSH and LH act on
gonadal target cells -stimulate folicle development and secretion of estrogen and progesterone by ovaries -stimulate spermatogenesis and secretion of androgens in testes
27
what cells do TSH hormones act on
thyroid gland cells to stimulate secretion of thyroid hormones
28
what is POMC glycoprotien pro hormone cleaved into and where is it cleaved
cleaved in corticotropes and cleaved into ACTH- adrenocorticotropic hormone beta- endorphin Gamma lipotropin
29
what stimulates production of POMC
CRH- corticotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus by corticotropes of the anterior pituitary
30
MSH
MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE
31
What does ACTH do
targets cells in adrenal gland cortex controls or modulates secretion of adrenal cotrical hormones such as -aldosterone -cortisol -androgens
32
what is the structure of growth hormones prolactin family
GH and prolactin are proteins somewhat structurally related
33
what does prolacin do
stiumlates milk production in lactating women additional roles for prolactin include fertility regulation in men and women and maintenance of immune system
34
what are some activities of GH
metabolism and growth -increased lipolysis -increased protein synthesis -increased use of fatty acids -increased collagen synthesis -decreased glycogen synthesis -increased cartilage growth -reduced glucose use -promotion of hypertrophy and hyperpalasia in tissues
35
what is the zone for bone growth
epiphyseal plate
36
what type of growers are humans
detemrinate growers but snakes and sharks are indeterminate growers
37
long bone growth plate
-chondrocytes undergo cell division -older chondrocytes enlarge -calcification of extracellular matrix entraps chondrocytes and they die -dead chondrocytes are cleared away by osteoclasts -osteoblasts swim up from diaphysis and deposit bone over persisting remnants of disintegrated carilage
38
how is hieght calculated
M+F/2 men add 2.5 inches and owmen subtract 1.5 inches
39
IGF1
Insulin like growth factor 1
40
what is the net secretion of GH from anterior pituitary gland regulated by
stiumlatory and inhibitory inputs
41
metabolic actions of GH growth hormone
acute metabolic effects- diabetogenic actions
42
what are the growth actions of GH
long term growth effects via IGF1
43
What is secretion of GH stimulated by
stress exercise
44
What is secretion of GH stimulated by
stress exercise hypoglycemia, fasting some amino acids especially arginine and leucine first two hours of deep sleep
45
gigantism
abnormally large growth due to an excess of GH during childhood before bone growth epiphyseal plates have closed
46
acromegaly
occurs when GH is secreted after epiphyseal plates are closed height is unchanged but mature bones become thicker in the face, hands, and feet therefor we have an increased coarseness of features
47
treatment of short stature in femails 4 11 and males 5 4 by age 18
recombinant GH if requested
48
what is an example of short stature
turners syndrome- one of the x chromosomes is missing or partially misssing in females they have short stature GH recomended at puberty
49
pituitary dwarfism
GHRH, GH, or IGF1 deficiency
50
laron dwarfism
unresponsive GH receptors
51
cretisism
hypothyroidism -thyroid hormones are permissive for action of GH -poor long bone growth as a result of thyroid hormone insufficiency
52
cretisism
hypothyroidism -thyroid hormones are permissive for action of GH -poor long bone growth as a result of thyroid hormone insufficiency
52
cretisism
hypothyroidism -thyroid hormones are permissive for action of GH -poor long bone growth as a result of thyroid hormone insufficiency
53
what impairs bone ossification
gene defect for cartilage FGF fibroblast growth factor receptor
54
what is achondrophlasia
impaired bone ossification

MED 310 (47 decks)

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