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MED 310 > endocrinology of growth > Flashcards

endocrinology of growth Flashcards

1
Q

BBB

A

specialized endothelium with tight junctions to strictly control enviromental exposure and protect the brain

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2
Q

where is the BBB lacking

A

regions where hormones are intended for entry to the circulation such as the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

regions where the neurons need to respond to stimuli from circulation such as osmolarity detetetion, vomiting centre

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3
Q

what in the anterior pituitary is programmed to secrete different trophic hormones

A

cells - tropes

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4
Q

how many and what are the 5 different cell populations within the anterior pituitary

A

5, they are

-somatotropes/somatotrophs; produce GH
-lacrotropes- produce prolactin
-tyrotropes- produce TSH- thyroid stimulating hormone
-gonadotropes- produce LH or FSH- leteinizing hormone or follicle stimulating hormone
cotricotropes- produce ACTH- adrenocorticotrophic hormone

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5
Q

what does the hormonal output of the anterior pituitary represent

A

a more complex endocrine negative feedback loop

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6
Q

what is the secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones controlled by

A

hypothalamic hormones

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7
Q

what is the special portal system

A

vascular network called the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

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8
Q

hypophysis meaning

A

pituitary

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9
Q

what is hormone 1 of the loop

A

hypothalamic releasing hormones or hypothalamic inhibiting hormones

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10
Q

what do hypothalamic releasing hormones do

A

stimulate release of a specific hormone from the cells of the anterior pituitary that express the releasing hormone receptor

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11
Q

what are the hypothalamic releasing hormones

A

-thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH
-cotricotropin releasing hormone CRH
-growth hormone releasing hormone GHRH
-prolactin releasing hormone PRH
-gonadotropin releasing hormone GNRH

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12
Q

what are two examples of hypothalamic inhibiting hormones

A

prolactin inhibitory hormone PIH/ dopamine

growth hormone inhibitory hormone GHIH

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13
Q

what is dopamine

A

a neurotransmitter in the brain as well as prolactin inhibitory hormone

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14
Q

what cells secrete anterior pituitary hormones into systemic blood

A

endocrine cells of anterior pituitary

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15
Q

what secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones into portal system

A

neurosecretory neurons in hypothalamus

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16
Q

what inacts negative feedback on the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary

A

hormone 3

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17
Q

what hormones exhibit circadian/ dinural rhythms. what does this arise from

A

hypothalamic releasing hormones, their anterior pituitary hormones and their target cell hormones

this arises from intrinsic neural oscillators

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18
Q

what is an exception to the dinural circadian rythm produced by the three hormones of the anterior pituitary loop

A

prolactin. its role in lactation does not need it to be dinural like that

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19
Q

how many and when are the peaks of circadian rhythm of secretion

A

1 major peak every 24 hrs

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20
Q

how many and when are the peaks of circadian rhythm of secretion

A

1 major peak every 24 hrs

each anterior pituitary hormones peaks at a different time and the endocrine activity of the target organs reflects this oscillation

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21
Q

what kind of molecule is cotrisol

A

a steroid

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22
Q

how much cortisol is there when we are awake compared to sleeping

A

low when asleep, high when awake

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23
Q

what are the 3 families of hormone 2 of the feedback loop in the anterior pituitary

A
  1. glycoprotein family
  2. POMC- pro-opiomelanocortin family
  3. GH/ prolactin family
24
Q

glycoprotein family facts

A

hydrophilic

produced and stored in anterior pituitary cells- gonadotropes or thyrotropes

25
Q

what are the glycoprotein horomones

A

FSH- folicle stimulating hormone
LH- lutenizing hormone
both together are called gonadotropins

TSH- thyroid stimulating hormone

26
Q

what do gonadotropins FSH and LH act on

A

gonadal target cells
-stimulate folicle development and secretion of estrogen and progesterone by ovaries
-stimulate spermatogenesis and secretion of androgens in testes

27
Q

what cells do TSH hormones act on

A

thyroid gland cells to stimulate secretion of thyroid hormones

28
Q

what is POMC glycoprotien pro hormone cleaved into and where is it cleaved

A

cleaved in corticotropes and cleaved into

ACTH- adrenocorticotropic hormone
beta- endorphin
Gamma lipotropin

29
Q

what stimulates production of POMC

A

CRH- corticotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus by corticotropes of the anterior pituitary

30
Q

MSH

A

MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE

31
Q

What does ACTH do

A

targets cells in adrenal gland cortex

controls or modulates secretion of adrenal cotrical hormones such as
-aldosterone
-cortisol
-androgens

32
Q

what is the structure of growth hormones prolactin family

A

GH and prolactin are proteins somewhat structurally related

33
Q

what does prolacin do

A

stiumlates milk production in lactating women

additional roles for prolactin include fertility regulation in men and women and maintenance of immune system

34
Q

what are some activities of GH

A

metabolism and growth

-increased lipolysis
-increased protein synthesis
-increased use of fatty acids
-increased collagen synthesis
-decreased glycogen synthesis
-increased cartilage growth
-reduced glucose use
-promotion of hypertrophy and hyperpalasia in tissues

35
Q

what is the zone for bone growth

A

epiphyseal plate

36
Q

what type of growers are humans

A

detemrinate growers but snakes and sharks are indeterminate growers

37
Q

long bone growth plate

A

-chondrocytes undergo cell division
-older chondrocytes enlarge
-calcification of extracellular matrix entraps chondrocytes and they die
-dead chondrocytes are cleared away by osteoclasts
-osteoblasts swim up from diaphysis and deposit bone over persisting remnants of disintegrated carilage

38
Q

how is hieght calculated

A

M+F/2
men add 2.5 inches and owmen subtract 1.5 inches

39
Q

IGF1

A

Insulin like growth factor 1

40
Q

what is the net secretion of GH from anterior pituitary gland regulated by

A

stiumlatory and inhibitory inputs

41
Q

metabolic actions of GH growth hormone

A

acute metabolic effects- diabetogenic actions

42
Q

what are the growth actions of GH

A

long term growth effects via IGF1

43
Q

What is secretion of GH stimulated by

A

stress
exercise

44
Q

What is secretion of GH stimulated by

A

stress
exercise
hypoglycemia, fasting
some amino acids especially arginine and leucine
first two hours of deep sleep

45
Q

gigantism

A

abnormally large growth due to an excess of GH during childhood before bone growth epiphyseal plates have closed

46
Q

acromegaly

A

occurs when GH is secreted after epiphyseal plates are closed
height is unchanged but mature bones become thicker in the face, hands, and feet therefor we have an increased coarseness of features

47
Q

treatment of short stature in femails 4 11 and males 5 4 by age 18

A

recombinant GH if requested

48
Q

what is an example of short stature

A

turners syndrome- one of the x chromosomes is missing or partially misssing in females
they have short stature
GH recomended at puberty

49
Q

pituitary dwarfism

A

GHRH, GH, or IGF1 deficiency

50
Q

laron dwarfism

A

unresponsive GH receptors

51
Q

cretisism

A

hypothyroidism
-thyroid hormones are permissive for action of GH
-poor long bone growth as a result of thyroid hormone insufficiency

52
Q

cretisism

A

hypothyroidism
-thyroid hormones are permissive for action of GH
-poor long bone growth as a result of thyroid hormone insufficiency

52
Q

cretisism

A

hypothyroidism
-thyroid hormones are permissive for action of GH
-poor long bone growth as a result of thyroid hormone insufficiency

53
Q

what impairs bone ossification

A

gene defect for cartilage FGF fibroblast growth factor receptor

54
Q

what is achondrophlasia

A

impaired bone ossification

MED 310 (47 decks)

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