extra Flashcards
what causes blood clotting
ca
what has ca sensor
chief cells
what do osteocytes arise from
entombed osteoblasts
central canal in bone
contains blood vessels
unit of bone
osteon
between osteocytes
lamella
holes around osteocytes
canaliculi
time of osteoclast activity
slower response time
calcitriol
bioactive vitamin D
1,12 OH2 vitamin D
what kind of hormone is vitamin D
steroid
what activates kidney hydroxylation enzyme
low ionized calcium and phosphate
PTH
prolactin during lactation
dose dependant resones and slow adn low lasting reposne to calcium
GI absorption
vitamin D and PTH
inc response of bone to PTH (resorption)
what causes hypoparathyroidsim
autoimmuen disease of physical damage to glands
symptoms of hypoparathyroidsm
inc neuromuscular excitability inc nerve permeability to NA
parasthersia
tetany
dangerous bc failure of respiration
secondary cause of hyperparathyroidism
renal disesase or vitamin d deficiency
what does hyperparathyroidism due to vitamin D deficiency cause
rickets in kids
osteomalacia in adults
activates more than 1000 genes
vitamin D
what causes osteoporosis
evey hormone is normal but inc osteoclast and decreases osteoblast
inhibits bone resorption by decreasing osteoclast activity
estrogen and calcitonin
source of glucose in brain during fast
protien
primary energy resivoir
fat
first energy source
glucose
diabetes insipidus cause
ADH deficiency
insulin absense- what does this cause
in type 1, glucagon glucose sensing fails so more glucose in blood
for treatment need insuliin and somatostatin
AIC for normal
5%
AIC for diabetic
6.5-7%
target fasting glucose for diabetic
4-7
target two hour glucose for diabetic
5-10
normal fasting blood glucose range
less than 6
what diabetes with metabolic disease
type 2
what is the sensor for insulin release
beta cells
TZDS fucntion
insulin sensitizing drugs for type 2
improved AIC and glucose control
TZDS fucntion
insulin sensitizing drugs for type 2
improved AIC and glucose controlm
mechanism of action for TZDS
inc fat storage reducing circulating FA, blood glucose and hyperinsulemai
health risk of TZDS
bone density
cancer
CVD
central fat
visceral
peripheral fat
subcutaneous
two control centres in hypothalamus
feeding centre and satiety centre
4 types of input to hypothalamus
- cerebral cortex
- limbic system
- peptide hormones from GI
- adipokines from adipose tissue
adipose tissue endocrin
it is endocrinologically active
grhein, body fat and muscel mass
inc with decreased bod fat
inc with inc muscle mass
metabolic syndrome
high blood glucose
high bp
high TG
low HDL
abdominal obesity
how are exocrine hormones in pancreas secreted
pancreatic duct
how are endocrine hormones of pancreas secreted
hepatic portal vein
acts in paracrine fashion
somatostatin
where does glut 4 put glucose
resting skeletal muscel and adipose
activates enzymes that synthesze FA from glucseo
insulin
what hormone has sympathetic activity
somatostatin
increases ketone bodies and blod FA
glucagon
what causes hypersecreiton of insulin
beta cell tumor
overdose of insulin
what cuases tpye 1 diabetes
autoimmune destruction of beta cells
