extra 6 Flashcards
what do glucocorticoids stress response
decreases affinity of insulin response
what does somatostatin do
inc sympathetic acivity
during exersice or acute stress
ensures glucose supply to brain and active muscle
what increases glucose uptake by fat cells and resting skeletal muscle
insulin
insulin on fat breakdown
inhibit lypolysis
what is the source of glucose for the brain during a fast
protein
what is the primary energy resivoir
fat
what is the first energy source
glucose
how much energy is in fat
two months
what pancreatic hormones are released by exocytosis
endocrine
alpha cells colour
light yellow
beta cells colour
orange
d cells colour
purple
what does glucose absorption from digestive tract do to blood glucose
increases blood glucose
major control of insulin secretion
glucose control
what does insulin decrease
blood glucose, fatty acids, amino acids
can glucose enter the cell without insulin
no
down regulation vs affinity decreasing of insulin
down regulated by insulin
decreased affinity due to glucocorticoids and stress
what activates enzymes that catalyze synthesis of FA from glucose
insulin
what hormones are secreted when there is high amino acids
both insulin and glucagon
what is the glucagon receptor
Gprotein coupled transmembrane protein
CAMP is the second messenger system
what increses lypolysis
GH, epinephrine, cortisol
what is the functional unit of striated muscle
sacromere
what is the contractile element of muscle fibre
myofibril
what is myosin
the part of the muscle that actually moves. has the myosin head
what kind of tissue has one end plate per cell
skeletal muscle
low threshold motor neurons
a2
hight threshold motor neuron
a1
what neurotransmitter is released by motor neuron action potential
acetylcholine
where is acetylcholine released in skeletal muscle
in the motor endplate
the space bw the nerve and muscle
what does ach binding to its receptor in skeletal muscle cause
channel to open and let in Na and k out
depolarization happens
fast na channels produce AP
AP transmitted down t tubule causing ca release from SR
what increases the force of contraction
firing frequency
what type of fibres have large amounts of myoglobin, mitochondria, blood supply,
a2- type 1- slow twitch
which fibres are fatigue reistant, low work intensities, oxidative, marathon
slow twich fibres
what fibres are activates at hig work intensities, fast shortening velocities, and fatigue more easily
fast twitch
what are the two types of fast twitch
oxidatitive and glycolytic
what type number are fast twitch
type 2
elevation of camp, camp dependant kinases
inhibit myosin and actin cross bridging
pharmacomechanical relaxation
what happens with increased intracellular calcium
contraction of mooth muscle
what is soley mediated by electromechanical coupling
skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction
what releases ca from SR
IP3 receptors
what ion do smooth muscles use to make AP
Ca
What connects unitary smooth muscle cells
gap junctions
what increases slow wave frequency
acetylcholine and parasypathetic via M3
what decreases slow wave frequency
adrenaline and symapthetic via B2
what does MLCK phosphorylate
myosin
what does myosin phosphorylation lead to
actin myosin cross bridging
what do intercalated discs contain
gap junctions in cardiac muscle
what does the small ca influx due to na depolarization in atrical and ventricular cells do
triggers large release of ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum resulting in contraction
what does the AP traveling through t tubule sysem activate in skeletal muscle
DHP which mechanically releases ca from SR
what does the AP traveling through t tubule sysem activate in cardiac muscle
oepns voltage gated ca channels that allow ca in wich induces ca release from SR
what receptors increase heart rate and what receptors slow it down
b1
m2
what does stretching the cardiac muscle do
produces optimal orientation of actin myosin allowing
GREATER CONTRACTILE FORCE
sterlings law of the haert
more blood is more contractility and larger ejection fracion
