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MED 310 > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

basal ganglia

A

several nuclei located deep within cerebral white matter

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2
Q

fucntions of basal ganglia

A
  • motor control, cognition, emotions, learning
    -inhibiting muscle tone, balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to neurons that innervate skeletal muscles
    -selecting, maintaining purposeful motor activity while supressing unwanted patterns of movement
    -coordinates slow, sustained contractions esp those related to posture and support
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3
Q

what is parkinsons caused by

A

degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra in midbrain which synapse onto neurons in basal ganglia- important for smooth movement

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4
Q

features of parkinsons

A

-inc muscle tone and rigidity
- involuntary useless movements at rest. tremors
-difficulty in initiating and carrying out movement

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5
Q

what causes huntingtons disease

A

degeneration of cuadate nucleus

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6
Q

symptoms of huntingtons

A

some motor circuits become overactive
-chorea- rapid uncontrolled jerky movements
- memory movements

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7
Q

where is the thalamus

A

deep in the brain near basal ganglia

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8
Q

function of thalamus

A

relay station and synaptic integrating centre for sensory input

helps direct attention to stimuli of interest

capable of crude awareness of sensations but cant distinguish location or intensity

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9
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

integrating centre for homeostatic functions
regulates internal enviroment
body temp and food intake
thirst and urine output
anterior pituitary hormone secretion
posterior pituitary hormone

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10
Q

five functions of brain stem

A
  1. majority of cranial nerves
  2. contains centres that control cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive functions
  3. regulates postural muscle reflexes
  4. RAS- overall degree of cortical alertness
  5. sleep/ wake cycle
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11
Q

cerebellum function

A

integration of motor output and sensory perception
balance and planning of movement

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12
Q

what are the three functionally distinct parts of the cerebellum

A
  1. verstbilocerebellum: balance and eye movement
  2. spinocerebellum: enhances muscle tone and coordinates skilled movements
  3. cerebrocerebellum: plans and initiates voluntary activity and stores procedural memories
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13
Q

RAS

A

Reticular activating system- behavioural state system- diffuse modulatory system

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14
Q

where do neurons originate

A

in the RAS and project to various areas in brain

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15
Q

what does RAS influence

A

attention, motivation, wakefulness, memory, motor control, mood and metabolic homeostatis, overall degree of cortical awareness

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16
Q

what effect do general anaesthetics do to reticular formation

A

depress transmission in RAS

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17
Q

what does blocking the ascending pathways between the reticular formation and the cerebral cortex create

A

state of unconsciousness

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18
Q

limbic sysem

A

surrounds brain not seperate structure. interconnected ring of forebrain structures

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19
Q

what does the limbic system include

A

poritons of the cerebral lobes, basal nuclei, thalamus, and hypothalamus

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20
Q

what neurotransmitters does the limbic system use

A

serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine

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21
Q

defects in the limbic system cause

A

depression

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22
Q

what parts of our behaviour is related to limbic system

A

emotions, basic survival, sociosexual behaviour, motivation and learning

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23
Q

limbic system functions

A
  1. emotion: subjective feelings and moods and physical responses associated with these feelings (amugdala)
  2. basic behavioural patterns: aimed at survival and perpetuation of species
  3. motivation
  4. learning
  5. memory
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24
Q

cortical structures of limbic system

A

medial prefrontal cortex: decision making, control of emotion and impulses
cingulate cortex: motivation, drive, mood, decreased avitivity correlates with depression
medial temporal lobes: episodic memory formation of recent event sequences

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25
Q

subcortical structures of the limbic system

A

hippocampus: within medial temporal lobe: episodic memory formation, context, and location
hypothalamus: homeostasis and basic drives: food, water, sex, aggresion
amygdala: fear and affective learning. activation causes anxiety, ablation eliminates fear recognition and learning

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26
Q

learning

A

acquisition of knowledge or skills as a consequence of experience, instruction or both. rewards and punishments are integral parts

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27
Q

memory

A

storage of acquired knowledge for later recall

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28
Q

short term memory

A

seconds to hours

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29
Q

long term memory

A

days to years

30
Q

working memory

A

temporarily holds and interrelates various peices of info relevant to a current mental task

31
Q

memory trace

A

neural change reponsible for retention or storage of knowledge. present in multipole regions of the brain (sites of original auditory, visual, experince)

32
Q

declarative memory

A

what memories of people, places and important in remembering facts and events. involves hippocampus

33
Q

procedural memory

A

how to memories. the learning of new motor skills involves the cerebellum

34
Q

function of the medial temporal lobe (hippocampus and adjacent areas of temporal lobe)

A

consolidation of short term declarative memory into long term memory mostly during sleep. requires gene activation leading to protein synthesis and synaptic changes

35
Q

what is the difference between short and long term memory

A

different molecular mechanisms involved

36
Q

short term memory

A

involves transient changes in synaptic activity
habituation: decreased respnosiveness to a repetitive and indifferent stimulus
sensitization: increased respnsiveness to mild stimuli following a nocious stimuli

37
Q

short term memory

A

involves transient changes in synaptic activity
habituation: decreased respnosiveness to a repetitive and indifferent stimulus
sensitization: increased respnsiveness to mild stimuli following a nocious stimuli

both involve changes in ion channels and currents

38
Q

long term memory

A

involves formation of new permanent synaptic connections

activation of specific genes that control synthesis of proteins needed for lasting structural or functional changes in pre or postsynaptic membranes
long term potentiation LTP is important for initial storage into long term memory

39
Q

working memory

A

concept that working memory memory temporarily holds and interrelates various pieces of info that are relevant to a current mental task 7+/-2 objects
hold and process data for immediate use and can include newly acquired and prev stored info that is transiently accessed

40
Q

why is working memory critical

A

to reason, plan, and make judgements

41
Q

where does working memory take place

A

in the prefrontal cortex

42
Q

what is azheimers characterized by

A

short term memory loss in early stages followed by eventual loss of long term memory, confusion, disorientation, personality changes, ability to read and write and calculate, language and speech ability

43
Q

what brain alterations in alzheimers

A

neurofibrillar tangles, amyloid plaques.

characteristic loss of cholinergic neuros in basal forebrain- cells that project to hippocampus

44
Q

what neurotransmitter do cholinergic neurons use

A

acetylcholine

45
Q

what hemisphere is language locallized in

A

left
95 for right handed
60-70 for left handed

46
Q

brocas area

A

speaking ability
damage leads to inability to send proper commands to motor cortex to form the words

47
Q

wernickes area

A

language comprehension
damage leads to inability to attach meaning to words or choose the approperiate words

48
Q

aphasia

A

defect in language processing caused by disfunction of the dominant cerebral hemesphere (stroke, brocas, wernickes aphasia)

49
Q

speech impediments

A

defects in mechancal aspects of speech

50
Q

dyslexia

A

difficulty in learning to read bc of inappropriate interpretation of words due to developmental abnormatlities in connections bw visual and language areas of cortex (independant of intelegance)

51
Q

coordination of neurons in wake state

A

not always coordinated as a result of ascending signals coming from reticular activating system

52
Q

what is EEG used for

A

clinical tool used for diagnosis of cerebral dysfunction

53
Q

EEG of epilepsy

A

shows distinctively abnormal traces

54
Q

how to seizures occur

A

when collections of neurons undergo synchronous action potentials that produce stereotypical involuntary spasms and alterations in behaviour

neuronal excitability coupled with compromised inhibitory activity or prolonged activation of excitatory transmitters

55
Q

legal determination of death

A

flat EEG- electrocerebral silence. needs to be coupled with other stringent criteria

56
Q

alpha rythym range

A

8-13 Hz

57
Q

alpha waves

A

index of cortical inactivity
present in adult who is awake but relaxed with eyes closed
amplitude is neg correlated to cortical activity

58
Q

beta rhythym range

A

13-30 hz

59
Q

beta waves

A

decreased synchronization with cortical activity
in individuals who are alert and attentive to external stimuli or exert specific mental effort

60
Q

states of consciousness

A

maximum alertness
wakefulness
sleep (stages 1-4 and paradoxical)
coma

61
Q

maximum altertness dependancy

A

on sensory input that stimulates the RAS and subsequenctly the activity levels of the CNS as a whole

62
Q

normal cyclic variation in awareness

A

sleep- wake cycle

63
Q

is sleep an active process

A

yes the brains overall activity is not reduced

64
Q

two types of sleep characterized by EEG patterns

A

slow wave sleep- delta wave non rapid eye movement NREM

paradoxial sleep- rapid eye movement

65
Q

functions of sleep

A

conservation of energy for defrence of predation

restorative function for brain and body for healing and growth and immune function

cerebral changes that underlie consolidation of long term memory in cortex

66
Q

what happens during stage 1 of sleep

A

drowsiness and drifting in and out of consciousness

67
Q

stages 2-4 of sleep

A

sleepers move through these stages then move back through the stages and enter REM without going back to stage 1

time in stages 3 and 4 decreases over the cycles and time in REM increases

68
Q

how many min is a cycle of sleep

A

90 min

69
Q

stages of sleep

A

occurs in 4 stages each with a lower frequency but higher amplitude EEG wave

70
Q

light sleep

A

stage 1

71
Q

deep sleep

A

stage 4

MED 310 (47 decks)

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