synaptic transmission

Question 1

4 types of neural communcation

Answer 1

1.electriclal synapse- gap junction- ion/ small molecule exchange
2. chemical synapse- mediated by neurotransmitter- naming depends on target cell
3. neuromuscular junction (neuron with muscle)
4. neuroendocrine system- neuron with bloodstream to organ

Question 2

majority of neural communcation

Answer 2

occurs via chemical synapse

Question 3

4 types of transmitters

Answer 3

1. conventional- small molecule stored in vesicles
2. neuropeptide stored in vesicles
3. gas no storage, on demand, cross bilayer
4. lipid no storage, on demand, cross bilayer

Question 4

examples of conventional neurotransmitters

Answer 4

amino acid (glutamate, gaba)
monoamines (NE, DA, 5HT)
acetylcholine

Question 5

examples of neuropeptide neurotransmitters

Answer 5

substance p and nasopressin

Question 6

examples of gas neurotransmitters

Answer 6

nitric oxide
carbon dioxide

Question 7

examples of lipid neurotransmitters

Answer 7

endocannabinoid
prtraglandin

Question 8

common types of neurotransmitters

Answer 8

small molecule and neuropeptide

Question 9

can neurons release multiple neurotransmitters

Answer 9

yes most can
functionally affects neurodegenerative deseases bc both main and co transmitters are lost

Question 10

what happens when AP arrives to end of axon

Answer 10

Ca infux in and neurotrnasmitter is released

Question 11

3 fates of neurotransmitter

Answer 11

1. uptake
2. degradation
3. diffusion

Question 12

what is common to every synapse

Answer 12

1. action potential
2. ca influx
3. exocytosis

Question 13

what is specific to each neurotransmitter

Answer 13

1. uptake
2. synthesis
3. degradation
4. receptor activation

Question 14

ionotropic receptor

Answer 14

fast (miliseconds)
excitatory or inhibitory depending on ions
mediated by ion channels

Question 15

G protein couples receptor (metabotropic)

Answer 15

long lasting (second to min)
excitatory or inibitory depending on signaling pathway
mediated by secondary messengers regulating downstream effectors (ion channels and gene/protein expression)

Question 16

GPCR diveristy

Answer 16

very diverse

Question 17

common drug targers

Answer 17

GPCR

Question 18

do all receptors have the same response to the same neurotransmitter

Answer 18

no

Question 19

differences in different receptors

Answer 19

1. different kinetics
2. be linked to different signalling mechanisms
3. be expressed at different subcellular locations
4. be modulated or regulated differently

Question 20

EPSP

Answer 20

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

Question 21

IPSP

Answer 21

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Question 22

what are EPSP + IPSP due to

Answer 22

activation of ionotropic receptors or activation/ inhibition of ion channels via GPCRs

Question 23

what kind of potentials are post synaptic potential

Answer 23

graded and not regenerative aka they diminish

Question 24

temporal summation

Answer 24

single synapse activating multiple times at quick succession

Question 25

spatial summationn

Answer 25

occurs when multiple synapses activate simultaneously. can occur between excitatory and inhibitory synapses

Question 26

two types of synaptic integration

Answer 26

temporal and spatial summation

Question 27

what causes synaptic strength to change

Answer 27

neuromodulators and drugs

Question 28

synaptic modulation

Answer 28

leads to synaptic facilitation or synaptic inhibition

Question 29

is synaptic strength constant

Answer 29

no

Question 30

what are the targets of synaptic modulation

Answer 30

any step of neurotransmission. psychoactive substance or drug target

Question 31

synaptic plasticity

Answer 31

can yield synaptic potentiation or synaptic depression

Question 32

variation of synaptic plasticity

Answer 32

can vary based on different synapses different physiological states, pathological states firing pattern of presynaptic neuron

Question 33

difference between synaptic modulation and plasticity

Answer 33

modulation: neuromodulator dependant endogenous modulators: neurotransmitters, hormones, cytokines exogenous modulators: psychoactive drugs plasticity plasticity: synaptic activity dependant short term or long term (hours to years)

Question 34

at what level does summation occur

Answer 34

at cell body

Question 35

at what level does synaptic modulation and plasticity occur

Answer 35

at synapses