extra Flashcards
how can we increase muscle contraction
inc a1- higher contractile forces- fast twitch
inc freq
inc motor neurons
less myoglobin what kind of twitch
fast
more myoglobin, more mitochondria (oxidative), low work intensities, fatigue resistant, slow shortening velocity
slow fibres
fibre innervation by motor units
all fibres innervated by an individual motor unit have same fibre type but not both but the muscle contains both
oxidative glycolytic
type 2 (fast twitch)
glycolytic
type 2 (fast twitch)
ocidative
slow twitch (type 1)
glutamate ionotropic receptors
NMDA
AMPA
kianate
GPCR glutamate receptor
metabotropic glutamate recepts
acetylcholine ionotropic receptor
nicotinic
acetylcholine GPCR receptor
muscranic
what kkind of recepotrs are neuropeptide
GPCR
model of plasma membrane structure
fluid mosaic model
what moves in osmosi
just water
tonic solutions refer to what
non peneratrating solutions
Tm
transport maximum when carirer mediated diffusion is saturated and cant grow proportionally with concentration gradeint
what causes na/K pump to change conformatioon
phsophorylation which also causes high afffinity sites for K to show
what causes release of phosphate group
K binding releases p group
what does the plasma membrane of all cells have
membrane potential
membrane returning to rest after depolarizing
repolarization
membrane becomes more polarized than resting
hyperpolarized. becomes more negative
decrease in membrane potential
depolarization
increase in membrane potetntial
repolarization and hyperpolarzation
two types of channels
leak and gated channesl
chemically or mechanilcally gated potentials
graded
what occurs across the plasma membrane
current loss
calcualtes resting potential of all ions that cross the membrane
GHK
mediates rapid tramsmittion of informatino
AP
what has conducting and non conducting states
ion channels
also act as filters allowing only specific ions thorugh the membrane
relies on voltage gated channesl
action potentials
nderlies all or none resposne of APs
Na channes positive feedback
leads na and k channels to return to closed state
membrane repolarization
when is it harder to elicit an AP
during AHP
why does hyperpolarizatin occur
bc k channesl are persistantly oopen
what potential wane and what doesnt
graded wane bc current loss across membrane and not regenerative
AP do not wane bc regenerative
what prevents backwards propagation
K persistance in leaving makes it harder to elicit another AP
