extra Flashcards

1
Q

heart and CNS

A

no direct connection to CNS

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2
Q

heart phosphorylation type

A

oxidative

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3
Q

what drives SA node AP

A

ca

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4
Q

what drives atria and ventricle AP

A

Na

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5
Q

what are gap junctions present within

A

intercalated disks

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6
Q

what are gap junctions

A

protein tunnels that connect cytoplasm ofadjascent cells and transmit depolarization

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7
Q

what cells cant contract in the heart

A

the cells in the conducting system

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8
Q

what increases force of ventricle contraction

A

more calcium release

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9
Q

what does M2 do in heart

A

hyperpolarizes SA node cells and reduces node firing

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10
Q

starlings law of the heart

A

more blood more contraction and ejection and better way the actin and myosin sit with each other

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11
Q

where do sensory afferent axons cross

A

at the across midbrain

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12
Q

what does the sensory afferent axon join once it enters spinal chord dorsal horn

A

dorsla column of white matter

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13
Q

whre does the axon from the periphery make its first synapse

A

at the medulla

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14
Q

condition where you dont feel pain

A

congenital analgesia

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15
Q

what is used as a transmitter in the pain pathway

A

glutamate in NMDA receptor

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16
Q

what is used as a neuromodulator in pain pathways

A

substance P

17
Q

two pain neurotramsittesr

A

substance P and glutamate

18
Q

what controls pain related behaviour such as vocalization

A

brainstem sites

19
Q

what is especially activated by pain information

A

the cinguiate cortex

20
Q

sensitizes dorsal horn afferents

21
Q

skeletal muscle reflex sensory receptors

A

muscle sipndle
golgi tendon organ
joint receptors

22
Q

feedback of stretch reflec

A

negative feedback
efferent signals to shorten muscle and decrease firing rate of snesory

23
Q

what neurons in stretch reflex

A

a motor neurons

24
Q

what is stimulated in isotonic contraction

A

a motor neurons

25
modulates sensitivity of spindles
gamma motor neurons
26
what is activated in CNS during voluntary movement
a and gamma motor neurons
27
what restores sensitivtity of spindles
rapid contraction of intrafusal fibres increases tension on central sensory element of spindles
28
what causes an increase in the firing of spindle afferents
length change
29
what happens in isometric contraction
a motor neuron stimulated resnion inc but length is same so no inc in firing tension transferred to GTO, the afferents of whos increase firing
30
muscle disease
interruption of reflex arc by either peripheral sensory or lower motor neuron lesion
31
what does injury of UMN above anterior horn cell lead to
loss of descending inhibition
32
spasticity
increaed reflex and muscle tone
33
what is above anterior horn cell
spinal chord, brain stem, motor cortex
34
LMN injury
hyporeflexia- no strethc reflex and no muscle tone due to loss of innervation to muscle
35
UMN injusry
inc muscle tone hyperreflexia
36
effector neuron in spinal chord
LMN
37
neurons in higher brain levels that influenve neruson in spinal chord
UMN