extra

Question 1

heart and CNS

Answer 1

no direct connection to CNS

Question 2

heart phosphorylation type

Answer 2

oxidative

Question 3

what drives SA node AP

Answer 3

ca

Question 4

what drives atria and ventricle AP

Answer 4

Na

Question 5

what are gap junctions present within

Answer 5

intercalated disks

Question 6

what are gap junctions

Answer 6

protein tunnels that connect cytoplasm ofadjascent cells and transmit depolarization

Question 7

what cells cant contract in the heart

Answer 7

the cells in the conducting system

Question 8

what increases force of ventricle contraction

Answer 8

more calcium release

Question 9

what does M2 do in heart

Answer 9

hyperpolarizes SA node cells and reduces node firing

Question 10

starlings law of the heart

Answer 10

more blood more contraction and ejection and better way the actin and myosin sit with each other

Question 11

where do sensory afferent axons cross

Answer 11

at the across midbrain

Question 12

what does the sensory afferent axon join once it enters spinal chord dorsal horn

Answer 12

dorsla column of white matter

Question 13

whre does the axon from the periphery make its first synapse

Answer 13

at the medulla

Question 14

condition where you dont feel pain

Answer 14

congenital analgesia

Question 15

what is used as a transmitter in the pain pathway

Answer 15

glutamate in NMDA receptor

Question 16

what is used as a neuromodulator in pain pathways

Answer 16

substance P

Question 17

two pain neurotramsittesr

Answer 17

substance P and glutamate

Question 18

what controls pain related behaviour such as vocalization

Answer 18

brainstem sites

Question 19

what is especially activated by pain information

Answer 19

the cinguiate cortex

Question 20

sensitizes dorsal horn afferents

Answer 20

glutamate

Question 21

skeletal muscle reflex sensory receptors

Answer 21

muscle sipndle
golgi tendon organ
joint receptors

Question 22

feedback of stretch reflec

Answer 22

negative feedback
efferent signals to shorten muscle and decrease firing rate of snesory

Question 23

what neurons in stretch reflex

Answer 23

a motor neurons

Question 24

what is stimulated in isotonic contraction

Answer 24

a motor neurons

Question 25

modulates sensitivity of spindles

Answer 25

gamma motor neurons

Question 26

what is activated in CNS during voluntary movement

Answer 26

a and gamma motor neurons

Question 27

what restores sensitivtity of spindles

Answer 27

rapid contraction of intrafusal fibres increases tension on central sensory element of spindles

Question 28

what causes an increase in the firing of spindle afferents

Answer 28

length change

Question 29

what happens in isometric contraction

Answer 29

a motor neuron stimulated
resnion inc but length is same so no inc in firing

tension transferred to GTO, the afferents of whos increase firing

Question 30

muscle disease

Answer 30

interruption of reflex arc by either peripheral sensory or lower motor neuron lesion

Question 31

what does injury of UMN above anterior horn cell lead to

Answer 31

loss of descending inhibition

Question 32

spasticity

Answer 32

increaed reflex and muscle tone

Question 33

what is above anterior horn cell

Answer 33

spinal chord, brain stem, motor cortex

Question 34

LMN injury

Answer 34

hyporeflexia- no strethc reflex and no muscle tone due to loss of innervation to muscle

Question 35

UMN injusry

Answer 35

inc muscle tone
hyperreflexia

Question 36

effector neuron in spinal chord

Answer 36

LMN

Question 37

neurons in higher brain levels that influenve neruson in spinal chord

Answer 37

UMN