hearing and equilibrium

Question 1

what is in the middle ear

Answer 1

malleus, incus, stapes

Question 2

where is the pinna

Answer 2

external ear

Question 3

what is in the inner ear

Answer 3

semicircular canals, oval window, cochlea, vestibular apparatus

Question 4

what separates inner fluid fillled ear from the air filled middle ear

Answer 4

round window and oval window

Question 5

what separates outer and middle ear

Answer 5

tympanic membrane

Question 6

what is percieved during hearing

Answer 6

frequency and amplitude

Question 7

what is measured in hertz

Answer 7

frequency

Question 8

what is measured in dB

Answer 8

amplitude

Question 9

what is loudness

Answer 9

amplitude

Question 10

hat is pitch

Answer 10

frequency

Question 11

hearing process

Answer 11

sound waves strike tympanic membrane and become vibrations

sound wave E is transferred to the three small bones which vibrate

stapes attached to oval window membrane vibrations transfer to fluid waves in cochlear

fluid waves push on flexible cochlear ducts and hair cells bend and ion channels open creating electrical signal-altering neurotransmitter release

neurotransmitter release onto sensory neurons creates AP that travel through cochlear nerve to brain

some energy waves from cochlear duct into tympanic duct and dissipated back into middle ear at round window

Question 12

what initiates neural pathway of auditory perception

Answer 12

hair cells in cochlear duct

Question 13

what does increased depolarization of hair cells lead to

Answer 13

increased AP rate of sensory neurons

Question 14

what moves and depolarizes in response to fluid waves

Answer 14

cilia of hair cells

Question 15

what synapses with nerve fibres of cochlear nerve

Answer 15

hair cells

Question 16

where do cochlear nervee info feed into

Answer 16

auditory cortex

Question 17

what is detected at narrow stiff region of basilar membrane

Answer 17

high frequency

Question 18

what is detected in the wide flexible region of basilar membrane

Answer 18

low frequency

Question 19

what does loudness lead to

Answer 19

more rapid firingof sensory neurons

Question 20

where is transformation of temporal aspects retained

Answer 20

in auditory cortex like piano keyboard

Question 21

mix of all frequencies

Answer 21

white noise

Question 22

a blend of high and low freq

Answer 22

pink noise

Question 23

low freq to generate deep rumble

Answer 23

brown noise

Question 24

what is the pathway of ascending tracts of sound signals

Answer 24

are split at the medullar between left and right brain

Question 25

what is integrative and requires simultaneous input from both ears

Answer 25

sound localization

Question 26

normal speaking db

Answer 26

60

Question 27

hamful db

Answer 27

greater than 85

Question 28

VOR

Answer 28

mediates unblurred vision during head movement like walking and running via opposite eye movement

Question 29

what causes opposite eye movemnt in VOR

Answer 29

extraocular muscle move at the same velocity as the head movement. keeps our line of sight fixed on tsame point in visual space both during and following eye movement

Question 30

eye towards nose

Answer 30

medial rectus

Question 31

eye away from nose

Answer 31

lateral rectus

Question 32

eye up

Answer 32

superior rectus

Question 33

eye down

Answer 33

inferior rectus

Question 34

down towards nose in primary gaze

Answer 34

superior oblique

Question 35

upward towards temple in primary gaze

Answer 35

inferior oblique

Question 36

what detects angular acceleration/ rotational acceleration

Answer 36

cupulae of the cristeae of the ampulae o fthe semicircular canals in the vestibular apparatus

Question 37

what stimulates hair cells

Answer 37

movement of the endolymph bends the cupula

Question 38

what does the primary vistibular afferent consist of

Answer 38

head angular rotational velocity info detected by hair cells of the cupula of the cristae ampullarae of the semicircular canals in the inner ear

Question 39

what is the 1st order in the 3 neuron VOR arc

Answer 39

primary vistibular afferent from cristae ampullarae of horizontal canals to vestibular interneurons in the medial vestibular nucleus

Question 40

2nd order in VOR reflex

Answer 40

vestibular internerons to abducens nucleus

Question 41

3rd order in VOR

Answer 41

abducens nucleus to extraocular lateral rectus muscle motorneurons

Question 42

what maintains binocular eye alignment

Answer 42

abducens nucleus to internuclear neurons to to contralateral pool of extraocular medial rectus motorneurons

Question 43

combination of alternating slow and fast phase eye movements in opposite directions

Answer 43

nystagmus

Question 44

compensatory eye movements are within limits of eye rotatoin

Answer 44

short head moveements

Question 45

eye reaches limit of excursion before head moveemnt is complete. at eyes extreme position, it is rapidly flicked back to a new starting position

Answer 45

large amplitude head movements

Question 46

what bends cupula

Answer 46

shifting of endolymph

Question 47

the afferent VOR

Answer 47

hair cells

Question 48

what detects linear acceleration or movement

Answer 48

maculae sensory strucures of otolith organs (utricle and saccule) of vestibular apparatus

Question 49

what stimuates hair cells in linear acceleration

Answer 49

position shifts of the otolith drags the otolith membrane

Question 50

what separated the fluid filled innner ear from the air filled middle ear

Answer 50

oval window and round window

Question 51

where are the semincurcular canals

Answer 51

in the inner ear

Question 52

what consists of head angular rotational velocity inforamtion

Answer 52

primary vestibular afferent

Question 53

superior oblique direction

Answer 53

down towards nose

Question 54

medial rectus dierction

Answer 54

towards nose

Question 55

lateral rectus direction

Answer 55

away from nose

Question 56

superior rectus direction

Answer 56

upwards

Question 57

what direction do oblique muscles in eyes go

Answer 57

opposite of name

Question 58

what direction do rectus muscles in eye go

Answer 58

according to name