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MED 310 > hearing and equilibrium > Flashcards

hearing and equilibrium Flashcards

1
Q

what is in the middle ear

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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2
Q

where is the pinna

A

external ear

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3
Q

what is in the inner ear

A

semicircular canals, oval window, cochlea, vestibular apparatus

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4
Q

what separates inner fluid fillled ear from the air filled middle ear

A

round window and oval window

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5
Q

what separates outer and middle ear

A

tympanic membrane

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6
Q

what is percieved during hearing

A

frequency and amplitude

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7
Q

what is measured in hertz

A

frequency

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8
Q

what is measured in dB

A

amplitude

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9
Q

what is loudness

A

amplitude

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10
Q

hat is pitch

A

frequency

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11
Q

hearing process

A

sound waves strike tympanic membrane and become vibrations

sound wave E is transferred to the three small bones which vibrate

stapes attached to oval window membrane vibrations transfer to fluid waves in cochlear

fluid waves push on flexible cochlear ducts and hair cells bend and ion channels open creating electrical signal-altering neurotransmitter release

neurotransmitter release onto sensory neurons creates AP that travel through cochlear nerve to brain

some energy waves from cochlear duct into tympanic duct and dissipated back into middle ear at round window

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12
Q

what initiates neural pathway of auditory perception

A

hair cells in cochlear duct

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13
Q

what does increased depolarization of hair cells lead to

A

increased AP rate of sensory neurons

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14
Q

what moves and depolarizes in response to fluid waves

A

cilia of hair cells

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15
Q

what synapses with nerve fibres of cochlear nerve

A

hair cells

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16
Q

where do cochlear nervee info feed into

A

auditory cortex

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17
Q

what is detected at narrow stiff region of basilar membrane

A

high frequency

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18
Q

what is detected in the wide flexible region of basilar membrane

A

low frequency

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19
Q

what does loudness lead to

A

more rapid firingof sensory neurons

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20
Q

where is transformation of temporal aspects retained

A

in auditory cortex like piano keyboard

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21
Q

mix of all frequencies

A

white noise

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22
Q

a blend of high and low freq

A

pink noise

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23
Q

low freq to generate deep rumble

A

brown noise

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24
Q

what is the pathway of ascending tracts of sound signals

A

are split at the medullar between left and right brain

25
Q

what is integrative and requires simultaneous input from both ears

A

sound localization

26
Q

normal speaking db

A

60

27
Q

hamful db

A

greater than 85

28
Q

VOR

A

mediates unblurred vision during head movement like walking and running via opposite eye movement

29
Q

what causes opposite eye movemnt in VOR

A

extraocular muscle move at the same velocity as the head movement. keeps our line of sight fixed on tsame point in visual space both during and following eye movement

30
Q

eye towards nose

A

medial rectus

31
Q

eye away from nose

A

lateral rectus

32
Q

eye up

A

superior rectus

33
Q

eye down

A

inferior rectus

34
Q

down towards nose in primary gaze

A

superior oblique

35
Q

upward towards temple in primary gaze

A

inferior oblique

36
Q

what detects angular acceleration/ rotational acceleration

A

cupulae of the cristeae of the ampulae o fthe semicircular canals in the vestibular apparatus

37
Q

what stimulates hair cells

A

movement of the endolymph bends the cupula

38
Q

what does the primary vistibular afferent consist of

A

head angular rotational velocity info detected by hair cells of the cupula of the cristae ampullarae of the semicircular canals in the inner ear

39
Q

what is the 1st order in the 3 neuron VOR arc

A

primary vistibular afferent from cristae ampullarae of horizontal canals to vestibular interneurons in the medial vestibular nucleus

40
Q

2nd order in VOR reflex

A

vestibular internerons to abducens nucleus

41
Q

3rd order in VOR

A

abducens nucleus to extraocular lateral rectus muscle motorneurons

42
Q

what maintains binocular eye alignment

A

abducens nucleus to internuclear neurons to to contralateral pool of extraocular medial rectus motorneurons

43
Q

combination of alternating slow and fast phase eye movements in opposite directions

A

nystagmus

44
Q

compensatory eye movements are within limits of eye rotatoin

A

short head moveements

45
Q

eye reaches limit of excursion before head moveemnt is complete. at eyes extreme position, it is rapidly flicked back to a new starting position

A

large amplitude head movements

46
Q

what bends cupula

A

shifting of endolymph

47
Q

the afferent VOR

A

hair cells

48
Q

what detects linear acceleration or movement

A

maculae sensory strucures of otolith organs (utricle and saccule) of vestibular apparatus

49
Q

what stimuates hair cells in linear acceleration

A

position shifts of the otolith drags the otolith membrane

50
Q

what separated the fluid filled innner ear from the air filled middle ear

A

oval window and round window

51
Q

where are the semincurcular canals

A

in the inner ear

52
Q

what consists of head angular rotational velocity inforamtion

A

primary vestibular afferent

53
Q

superior oblique direction

A

down towards nose

54
Q

medial rectus dierction

A

towards nose

55
Q

lateral rectus direction

A

away from nose

56
Q

superior rectus direction

A

upwards

57
Q

what direction do oblique muscles in eyes go

A

opposite of name

58
Q

what direction do rectus muscles in eye go

A

according to name

MED 310 (47 decks)

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