female reproductive system Flashcards
when is reproductive potential achieved
post puberty
what happens at puberty
endocrine surge, and onset of reproductive cycling potential
immature reproductive state for both sexes is when
at birth
when do female ovary contain lifetime supply of ova
at birth
what produces mature gametes for female
ovary which is a paired organ
what are the mature gametes in females
oocytes
what is the purpose of the reproductive tract in females
delivery of the ovulated oocyte and entrance of the male gametes (spermatozoa)
what is the reproductive organ of the female
uterus
what is the prupose of the uterus
supports embryonic developemnt (endometrium) and fetal delivery (myometrium)
what does the mullerian duct mature into
female reproductive tract
what does the female reproductive tract include
oviducts (fallopian tubes(, uterus, cervix, and vagina
oogonia
diploid cell population in the embryonic female ovary that undergoes mitosis to create lifetime pool of oca/ oocytes
oogenesis
process by which oocyte/ female gamete develops
haploid status
number of unique chromosomes
how many gametes does one cell produce in females
one
how many gametes does one cell produce in males
4 gametes
atresia
programmed cell death process for unselescted oocyte and its companion follicle cells
primary oocyte
diploid oocyte that has started process of meiosis but is arrested in meiosis 1 M1. N1 is copmleted before ovulation
secondary oocyte
haploid oocyte that has completed M1 and arrested in M2. it is the secondary oocyte that is ovulated
what is the starting cell of oogenesis
oogonium
when do primary oocytes enlarge
at puberty
when does mitotis proliferation of the oogonium occur
prior to birth
how many are ovulated
400
chromosome number and strand number of ovum
23/ haploid/ and single strand for both
what triggers steroid production by cells of the ovary, follicle maturation, and oocyte ovulation
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
HPG axis
hypothalamic- pituitary- gonadal axis
what hormone is connnected to HPG axis
GNRH
FSH and
LH
when is pubertal onset for girls
12 and getting younger
what are the ovarian steroid hormones
estrogen and progesterone
what cells does LH affect
thecal cells
what cells does FSH work on
granulosa cells
what do thecal cells do
cholesterol to androgen
what do granulosa cells do
androgen to estrogen
what is the fate of estrogen
secreted into the blood- effects throughout body
remain in the follicle- contributes to antral formation
what does rising estrogen concentrations in the late follicular phase do
represses FSH selectively with inhibin= strong negative feedback for FSH
stimulate LH release
positive feedback leading to LH surge
What surrounds growing oocytes
martix, zona pellucida (ZP)
what do granulosa cells secrete
estrogen systematically and into the growing follicle; endometrium proliferase
what does the LH surge do
reinitiates meiosis in primary oocyte to the point of arrest in M2
arrests estrogen syntehsis in ganulosa cells- sudden conc drop
triggers vascular changes via prostaglandins and swelling to promote follicle rupture and oocyte release (ovulation)
remaining granulosa cells become rapidly lutenized producing estrogen and progesterone from stored cholesterol
what day is the ovulation phase
14
what happens in the ovulation phase
ovulated secondary oocyte has completed MI, arrested in M2
oocyte is surrounded by ZP and a halo of granulosa cells
oocyte captured by fibrae of the oviduct
how is the fimbriae of the oviduct and the attatchment to the ovary
not a direct attatchement
what days are the early luteal phase
15-22
what happens during the early luteal phase
remaining granulosa cells lutenize and form the corpus luteum (yellow body)
produce high levels of steroid hormones progesterone and estrogen; prepares the endometrilal layer ready for embryo to implant
what is the influence of estrogen and progesterone on the uterus
high estrogen conc in follicular phase primes the endometrium PR to respond to progesterone in the secretory phase
what happens in the secretory phase
the endometrial layer becomes loose and water filled, highly vascularized and glycogen loaded; suitable for embryo implantation
what is the myometrium
outer smooth muscle
what is the endometrium
inner lining of epithelial cells, blood vessels and glands
when is the late luteal phase
24-28
what happens during the late luteal phase
when no embryo implands, the corupus luteum has a finite period of hormone producing activity; degenerates to corpus albicans (white scar) and estrogen and progesterone levels falls
reduced FSH and LH inhibtion, levels rise afain to restart the cycle
endometrial layer is shed
fates of follicle number
majority is atretic and minority is ovulated
what happens when the majority of follicles drastically reduced
ovarian cycle becomes irregular and then cease leading to menopause
when does menopause occur
50yrs - female biological clock
what happens to estrogen during menopause
drastically reduced estrogen levels
what does reduced estrogen elvels lead to
end of fertility
reduced bone building capacity
reduced vasomotor control (hot flashes)
when is reprodutive potential acheieved
post birth
what is the reprodutive state at birth for both sexes
immature
what happens at puberty
endocrine surge and onset of reprodutive cycling/ potential
homolgous pairs seperated
meiosis I
sister chromatids separated
meiosis
how does an ovum become ovulated
leaves the mature follicle
what does the follicle develop into once ovum is ovulated
the corpus luteum
how many primary oocytes do we start with at birth
2 million
when is the first meiotic division finished of an oocyte
at puberty, one is selected
chromosome number once M1 completed
23 haploid, double strand
chromosome number after M2 completed
23 haploid single strand
what cuases production of steroid cells from ovary
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary hormones
what causes follicle maturation and oocyte ovulation
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary hormones
what secretes LH adn FSH
anterior pituitary
what kind of hormones are LH and FSH
peptide
what are the hormones of the ovary
estrogen and progesterone
what is the remenant of the ovulated oocyte
corpus luteum
lutenization effect of LH
lutenizes remainig granulosa cells which had their estrogen synthesis arrested
leutinization of granulosa cells produces estrogen and progesterone from stores cholesterol
structure of ovulated oocyte
ZP surroudning and halo of granulosa cells
what does high levels of progesterone and estrogen lead to
prepareation of endometrium for embryo implant
what happnes in day 15-22
early luteal phase
when is there a estrogen and progesteron surge
early luteal phase
inner lining of epithelial cells
endometrium
outer smooth muscle
myometrium
what does estrogen do in follicular phase
primes endometrium for progesterone response
endometrium layer becomes loose and water filled and highly vasuclarized and glycogen loaded
secretory phase
why does the corpus luteum degrade
bc it only has a finite period of homrone producing actiivty
what does thete corpus luteum become when it degeneates
corpus albicans (white scar)
when does hte corpus luteum degenrate
late luteal phase in absence of implantation
hormone levels in late lutal phase
estrogen and progesterone levels drop
WHEN IS THE CORPUS LUTEUM FORMED
EARLY LUTEAL PHASE
