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MED 310 > female reproductive system > Flashcards

female reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

when is reproductive potential achieved

A

post puberty

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2
Q

what happens at puberty

A

endocrine surge, and onset of reproductive cycling potential

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3
Q

immature reproductive state for both sexes is when

A

at birth

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4
Q

when do female ovary contain lifetime supply of ova

A

at birth

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5
Q

what produces mature gametes for female

A

ovary which is a paired organ

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6
Q

what are the mature gametes in females

A

oocytes

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7
Q

what is the purpose of the reproductive tract in females

A

delivery of the ovulated oocyte and entrance of the male gametes (spermatozoa)

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8
Q

what is the reproductive organ of the female

A

uterus

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9
Q

what is the prupose of the uterus

A

supports embryonic developemnt (endometrium) and fetal delivery (myometrium)

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10
Q

what does the mullerian duct mature into

A

female reproductive tract

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11
Q

what does the female reproductive tract include

A

oviducts (fallopian tubes(, uterus, cervix, and vagina

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12
Q

oogonia

A

diploid cell population in the embryonic female ovary that undergoes mitosis to create lifetime pool of oca/ oocytes

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13
Q

oogenesis

A

process by which oocyte/ female gamete develops

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14
Q

haploid status

A

number of unique chromosomes

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15
Q

how many gametes does one cell produce in females

A

one

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16
Q

how many gametes does one cell produce in males

A

4 gametes

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17
Q

atresia

A

programmed cell death process for unselescted oocyte and its companion follicle cells

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18
Q

primary oocyte

A

diploid oocyte that has started process of meiosis but is arrested in meiosis 1 M1. N1 is copmleted before ovulation

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19
Q

secondary oocyte

A

haploid oocyte that has completed M1 and arrested in M2. it is the secondary oocyte that is ovulated

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20
Q

what is the starting cell of oogenesis

A

oogonium

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21
Q

when do primary oocytes enlarge

A

at puberty

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22
Q

when does mitotis proliferation of the oogonium occur

A

prior to birth

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23
Q

how many are ovulated

A

400

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24
Q

chromosome number and strand number of ovum

A

23/ haploid/ and single strand for both

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25
Q

what triggers steroid production by cells of the ovary, follicle maturation, and oocyte ovulation

A

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

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26
Q

HPG axis

A

hypothalamic- pituitary- gonadal axis

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27
Q

what hormone is connnected to HPG axis

A

GNRH
FSH and
LH

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28
Q

when is pubertal onset for girls

A

12 and getting younger

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29
Q

what are the ovarian steroid hormones

A

estrogen and progesterone

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30
Q

what cells does LH affect

A

thecal cells

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31
Q

what cells does FSH work on

A

granulosa cells

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32
Q

what do thecal cells do

A

cholesterol to androgen

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33
Q

what do granulosa cells do

A

androgen to estrogen

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34
Q

what is the fate of estrogen

A

secreted into the blood- effects throughout body

remain in the follicle- contributes to antral formation

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35
Q

what does rising estrogen concentrations in the late follicular phase do

A

represses FSH selectively with inhibin= strong negative feedback for FSH
stimulate LH release
positive feedback leading to LH surge

36
Q

What surrounds growing oocytes

A

martix, zona pellucida (ZP)

37
Q

what do granulosa cells secrete

A

estrogen systematically and into the growing follicle; endometrium proliferase

38
Q

what does the LH surge do

A

reinitiates meiosis in primary oocyte to the point of arrest in M2
arrests estrogen syntehsis in ganulosa cells- sudden conc drop
triggers vascular changes via prostaglandins and swelling to promote follicle rupture and oocyte release (ovulation)
remaining granulosa cells become rapidly lutenized producing estrogen and progesterone from stored cholesterol

39
Q

what day is the ovulation phase

A

14

40
Q

what happens in the ovulation phase

A

ovulated secondary oocyte has completed MI, arrested in M2
oocyte is surrounded by ZP and a halo of granulosa cells
oocyte captured by fibrae of the oviduct

41
Q

how is the fimbriae of the oviduct and the attatchment to the ovary

A

not a direct attatchement

42
Q

what days are the early luteal phase

A

15-22

43
Q

what happens during the early luteal phase

A

remaining granulosa cells lutenize and form the corpus luteum (yellow body)

produce high levels of steroid hormones progesterone and estrogen; prepares the endometrilal layer ready for embryo to implant

44
Q

what is the influence of estrogen and progesterone on the uterus

A

high estrogen conc in follicular phase primes the endometrium PR to respond to progesterone in the secretory phase

45
Q

what happens in the secretory phase

A

the endometrial layer becomes loose and water filled, highly vascularized and glycogen loaded; suitable for embryo implantation

46
Q

what is the myometrium

A

outer smooth muscle

47
Q

what is the endometrium

A

inner lining of epithelial cells, blood vessels and glands

48
Q

when is the late luteal phase

A

24-28

49
Q

what happens during the late luteal phase

A

when no embryo implands, the corupus luteum has a finite period of hormone producing activity; degenerates to corpus albicans (white scar) and estrogen and progesterone levels falls

reduced FSH and LH inhibtion, levels rise afain to restart the cycle

endometrial layer is shed

50
Q

fates of follicle number

A

majority is atretic and minority is ovulated

51
Q

what happens when the majority of follicles drastically reduced

A

ovarian cycle becomes irregular and then cease leading to menopause

52
Q

when does menopause occur

A

50yrs - female biological clock

53
Q

what happens to estrogen during menopause

A

drastically reduced estrogen levels

54
Q

what does reduced estrogen elvels lead to

A

end of fertility
reduced bone building capacity
reduced vasomotor control (hot flashes)

55
Q

when is reprodutive potential acheieved

A

post birth

56
Q

what is the reprodutive state at birth for both sexes

A

immature

57
Q

what happens at puberty

A

endocrine surge and onset of reprodutive cycling/ potential

58
Q

homolgous pairs seperated

A

meiosis I

59
Q

sister chromatids separated

A

meiosis

60
Q

how does an ovum become ovulated

A

leaves the mature follicle

61
Q

what does the follicle develop into once ovum is ovulated

A

the corpus luteum

62
Q

how many primary oocytes do we start with at birth

A

2 million

63
Q

when is the first meiotic division finished of an oocyte

A

at puberty, one is selected

64
Q

chromosome number once M1 completed

A

23 haploid, double strand

65
Q

chromosome number after M2 completed

A

23 haploid single strand

66
Q

what cuases production of steroid cells from ovary

A

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary hormones

67
Q

what causes follicle maturation and oocyte ovulation

A

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary hormones

68
Q

what secretes LH adn FSH

A

anterior pituitary

69
Q

what kind of hormones are LH and FSH

A

peptide

70
Q

what are the hormones of the ovary

A

estrogen and progesterone

71
Q

what is the remenant of the ovulated oocyte

A

corpus luteum

72
Q

lutenization effect of LH

A

lutenizes remainig granulosa cells which had their estrogen synthesis arrested
leutinization of granulosa cells produces estrogen and progesterone from stores cholesterol

73
Q

structure of ovulated oocyte

A

ZP surroudning and halo of granulosa cells

74
Q

what does high levels of progesterone and estrogen lead to

A

prepareation of endometrium for embryo implant

75
Q

what happnes in day 15-22

A

early luteal phase

76
Q

when is there a estrogen and progesteron surge

A

early luteal phase

77
Q

inner lining of epithelial cells

A

endometrium

78
Q

outer smooth muscle

A

myometrium

79
Q

what does estrogen do in follicular phase

A

primes endometrium for progesterone response

80
Q

endometrium layer becomes loose and water filled and highly vasuclarized and glycogen loaded

A

secretory phase

81
Q

why does the corpus luteum degrade

A

bc it only has a finite period of homrone producing actiivty

82
Q

what does thete corpus luteum become when it degeneates

A

corpus albicans (white scar)

83
Q

when does hte corpus luteum degenrate

A

late luteal phase in absence of implantation

84
Q

hormone levels in late lutal phase

A

estrogen and progesterone levels drop

85
Q

WHEN IS THE CORPUS LUTEUM FORMED

A

EARLY LUTEAL PHASE

MED 310 (47 decks)

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