adrenal gland and stress

Question 1

what is downstream of the hypothalamic and anterior pituitary stimuolation

Answer 1

adrenal gland

Question 2

embryonic orgins of the edulla and the adrenal cortex

Answer 2

they have different embryonic origins

medulla arises from neural ectoderm. modified sympathetic ganglion

the cortex arises from mesoderm

Question 3

how does nerual tissue get encased by mesoderm

Answer 3

during fetal developemnt, the cortex engulfs the medulla

Question 4

what are cortisol and androgens secreted by

Answer 4

fasiculata and retucularis zones ZFR

Question 5

what are adrenal cortex hormones and what are they derived from

Answer 5

steroids derived from cholestrol (dietary source or de novo synthesis)

Question 6

how is cholestrol transported in the blood

Answer 6

as LDL- low density lipoprotein

Question 7

how does LDL get inside a cell. what happens when it does

Answer 7

LDL surface receptors bind LDL which is endocytosed by a cell to provide cholestrol and then it is modified by enzymatic action by a different set of enzymes in each zone

Question 8

what happens at the target cells of the body of adrenal cortex hormones

Answer 8

androgens bind to androgen receptors
cortisol binds to gycocorticoid receptors
aldosterone binds the mineralocorticoid receptor

Question 9

SCC

Answer 9

side chain cleavage

Question 10

what is the SCC induced by

Answer 10

angiotensin II which is a peptide hormone or elevated K in the outer zone ZG

ACTH in the middle and inner zones ZF, ZR

which regulate the amount of adrenal cortex hormone produced

Question 11

what does ACTH do in all 3 zones

Answer 11

stimulates and miantains cellular growth bc it is a trophic hormone
-too much ACTH= hypertrophy and too little= atrophy

it also upregulates LDL receptors

Question 12

how much andorgen is produced in men in differnent places

Answer 12

adrenal cortex produces an indisgnificant amount of androgens compared to the testes

Question 13

how much androgens is produced in women and where

Answer 13

adrenal cortex produces a significant source

Question 14

what actions do androgens have

Answer 14

anabolic actions- muscle building

Question 15

stanozolol

Answer 15

dihydrotestosterone derivative

Question 16

cortisol

Answer 16

catabolic steroid

Question 17

biological effects of cortisol

Answer 17

1. carb, protein and fat intermediary metabolism
2. protects during acute stress
3. anti imflamatory and immunosupressive
4. premissive actions for other hormones

Question 18

metabolic effects of cortisol

Answer 18

raises blood glucose
-stimulates liver gluconeogenesis and inhibits glucose uptake

raises blood amino acid level by incrasing muscle catabolism

raises blood fatty acid level by stimulating lipid breakdown in fat cells

Question 19

cortisol protection during acute stress

Answer 19

stress stimulates CRH/ACTH/cortisol secretion

metabolic actions increase raw materials needed to respond to stress

Question 20

anti inflamatory and immunosupressive effects of cortisol

Answer 20

limits immune responses
supresses all steps in inflamation
destroys lymphocytes and reduces antibody production
effects are evident at high pharmacological levels

Question 21

what inhibits CRH, ACTH, and endogenous cotrisol secreiton

Answer 21

exogenous corticosteroids

Question 22

cortisols permissive actions and example

Answer 22

in the absence of it, many other homrones are less effective
ex, its necessary for epinepherine and norepenepherine to adequately constrict blood vessels. without cortisol hemmorage is more likely to be lethal

Question 23

cushings syndrome

Answer 23

disorder of adrenocortical fucntion

cortisol hypersecretion bc of

excess CRH/ ACTH production from hypothalamus or anterior piruitary respectivelly

ACTH secreting tumors that arise elsewhere in the body such as the lung

adrenal cortex tumors that secrete cortisol independantyl from ACTH control

Question 24

symptoms of cushings

Answer 24

high blood glucose, and protein catabolism used for gluconeogenesis, fat redistribuition to the thorax and abdomen and facial edema or moon face

Question 25

adrenogenetal syndrome

Answer 25

sex steroid hypersecretion most often andorgenic hypersecretion and rarely estrogenic hypersecretion

Question 26

how is steroid production connected to ACTH control

Answer 26

it is independant

Question 27

symptoms of androgenital syndrome

Answer 27

depend on timing of excess secretion if newborn F, undergo sex reversal mature F, undergo masculanization (hirtuism) young M, undergo prevovious puberty

Question 28

adrenocortical insufficiency/ addisons disease

Answer 28

has two insuficciencies; 1. adrenal cortex destroyed by autoimmune action= aldosterone and cortisol deficiency is life threatening. gonads contribute to sex steroid production 2. lack of adrenal hormone production due to reduced hormone production at level of hypothalamus or anteroir pituitary

Question 29

what is the adrenal medulla

Answer 29

modified component of the sympathetic nervous system SNS

Question 30

NORE

Answer 30

norepinepherine= noradrenaline

Question 31

E

Answer 31

epinephrine= adrenaline

Question 32

synthesis of catecholamines

Answer 32

tyrosine to DOPA to dopamine to nore to e Happens in adrenal medulla

Question 33

what is the main nore or e

Answer 33

epinephrine and adrenaline- 80%

Question 34

bioactivity of catecholamine

Answer 34

not essential but important in stess response by supporting and adding to widespread of the sympathetic response.

Question 35

where are receptors for catacholamines found

Answer 35

in most cells and some are not innervated by SNS

Question 36

fight or flight response

Answer 36

inc O2 delivery to skeletal muscle and heart -inc heart rate and contractility -dialation of coronary and skeletal mmuscle blood vessels and constriction of others -relaxation of smooth muscle in airways inc metabolic fules of glucose and fatty acids reduced digestion and excretion -relaxation of bladder and GI tract -constriction of bladder and intestinal sphincters

Question 37

what does epinephrine do in fight or flight

Answer 37

-relaxation of smooth muscle in airways -inc metabolic fules of glucose -relaxation of bladder (decreased urination) and GI tract

Question 38

what are some other responses to stress

Answer 38

inc secretion of cortisol, ADH, aldosterone, glucagon from pancrease and GH all coordinateed by hypothalamus and anterior pituitary or SNS

Question 39

role of cortisol during the stress response

Answer 39

inc metabolic fuels of glucose, FA and AA permissive for catecholamine stimulated casoconstriction induces enzyme for production of epinephrine

Question 40

role of ADH and aldosterone during stress

Answer 40

retention of sodium and water to protect ECF and blood volume and important during hevy swearing and in case of blood loss

Question 41

role of glucagon during stress

Answer 41

opposes effect of insulin to inc blood glucose concentration

Question 42

what exhibits the phenomemon of synergism

Answer 42

glucagon, epinepherine and cortisol. a combined effects to raise glucose levels are greater than the additive

Question 43

results of prolonged stress

Answer 43

hypertension hyperglycemia hyperlipidemia inc infections and allergies insomnia headaches depression learning and memory problems

Question 44

direction of blood flow in adrenal cortex

Answer 44

from the outer capsule to the inner medulla

Question 45

what is the starting point for production of male and female homrones

Answer 45

DHEA

Question 46

how does ACTH corerlate to all 3 zones in the adrenal cortex

Answer 46

it is trophic for all three hypertrophy leads to overproduction of homrons hypotrophy leads to underproduction of homrones

Question 47

catecholaimes

Answer 47

epinephrine and norepinephrine