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MED 310 > adrenal gland and stress > Flashcards

adrenal gland and stress Flashcards

1
Q

what is downstream of the hypothalamic and anterior pituitary stimuolation

A

adrenal gland

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2
Q

embryonic orgins of the edulla and the adrenal cortex

A

they have different embryonic origins

medulla arises from neural ectoderm. modified sympathetic ganglion

the cortex arises from mesoderm

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3
Q

how does nerual tissue get encased by mesoderm

A

during fetal developemnt, the cortex engulfs the medulla

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4
Q

what are cortisol and androgens secreted by

A

fasiculata and retucularis zones ZFR

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5
Q

what are adrenal cortex hormones and what are they derived from

A

steroids derived from cholestrol (dietary source or de novo synthesis)

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6
Q

how is cholestrol transported in the blood

A

as LDL- low density lipoprotein

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7
Q

how does LDL get inside a cell. what happens when it does

A

LDL surface receptors bind LDL which is endocytosed by a cell to provide cholestrol and then it is modified by enzymatic action by a different set of enzymes in each zone

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8
Q

what happens at the target cells of the body of adrenal cortex hormones

A

androgens bind to androgen receptors
cortisol binds to gycocorticoid receptors
aldosterone binds the mineralocorticoid receptor

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9
Q

SCC

A

side chain cleavage

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10
Q

what is the SCC induced by

A

angiotensin II which is a peptide hormone or elevated K in the outer zone ZG

ACTH in the middle and inner zones ZF, ZR

which regulate the amount of adrenal cortex hormone produced

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11
Q

what does ACTH do in all 3 zones

A

stimulates and miantains cellular growth bc it is a trophic hormone
-too much ACTH= hypertrophy and too little= atrophy

it also upregulates LDL receptors

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12
Q

how much andorgen is produced in men in differnent places

A

adrenal cortex produces an indisgnificant amount of androgens compared to the testes

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13
Q

how much androgens is produced in women and where

A

adrenal cortex produces a significant source

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14
Q

what actions do androgens have

A

anabolic actions- muscle building

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15
Q

stanozolol

A

dihydrotestosterone derivative

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16
Q

cortisol

A

catabolic steroid

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17
Q

biological effects of cortisol

A
  1. carb, protein and fat intermediary metabolism
  2. protects during acute stress
  3. anti imflamatory and immunosupressive
  4. premissive actions for other hormones
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18
Q

metabolic effects of cortisol

A

raises blood glucose
-stimulates liver gluconeogenesis and inhibits glucose uptake

raises blood amino acid level by incrasing muscle catabolism

raises blood fatty acid level by stimulating lipid breakdown in fat cells

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19
Q

cortisol protection during acute stress

A

stress stimulates CRH/ACTH/cortisol secretion

metabolic actions increase raw materials needed to respond to stress

20
Q

anti inflamatory and immunosupressive effects of cortisol

A

limits immune responses
supresses all steps in inflamation
destroys lymphocytes and reduces antibody production
effects are evident at high pharmacological levels

21
Q

what inhibits CRH, ACTH, and endogenous cotrisol secreiton

A

exogenous corticosteroids

22
Q

cortisols permissive actions and example

A

in the absence of it, many other homrones are less effective
ex, its necessary for epinepherine and norepenepherine to adequately constrict blood vessels. without cortisol hemmorage is more likely to be lethal

23
Q

cushings syndrome

A

disorder of adrenocortical fucntion

cortisol hypersecretion bc of

excess CRH/ ACTH production from hypothalamus or anterior piruitary respectivelly

ACTH secreting tumors that arise elsewhere in the body such as the lung

adrenal cortex tumors that secrete cortisol independantyl from ACTH control

24
Q

symptoms of cushings

A

high blood glucose, and protein catabolism used for gluconeogenesis, fat redistribuition to the thorax and abdomen and facial edema or moon face

25
Q

adrenogenetal syndrome

A

sex steroid hypersecretion most often andorgenic hypersecretion and rarely estrogenic hypersecretion

26
Q

how is steroid production connected to ACTH control

A

it is independant

27
Q

symptoms of androgenital syndrome

A

depend on timing of excess secretion
if newborn F, undergo sex reversal
mature F, undergo masculanization (hirtuism)
young M, undergo prevovious puberty

28
Q

adrenocortical insufficiency/ addisons disease

A

has two insuficciencies;

  1. adrenal cortex destroyed by autoimmune action= aldosterone and cortisol deficiency is life threatening.
    gonads contribute to sex steroid production
  2. lack of adrenal hormone production due to reduced hormone production at level of hypothalamus or anteroir pituitary
29
Q

what is the adrenal medulla

A

modified component of the sympathetic nervous system SNS

30
Q

NORE

A

norepinepherine= noradrenaline

31
Q

E

A

epinephrine= adrenaline

32
Q

synthesis of catecholamines

A

tyrosine to DOPA to dopamine to nore to e

Happens in adrenal medulla

33
Q

what is the main nore or e

A

epinephrine and adrenaline- 80%

34
Q

bioactivity of catecholamine

A

not essential but important in stess response by supporting and adding to widespread of the sympathetic response.

35
Q

where are receptors for catacholamines found

A

in most cells and some are not innervated by SNS

36
Q

fight or flight response

A

inc O2 delivery to skeletal muscle and heart
-inc heart rate and contractility
-dialation of coronary and skeletal mmuscle blood vessels and constriction of others
-relaxation of smooth muscle in airways

inc metabolic fules of glucose and fatty acids

reduced digestion and excretion
-relaxation of bladder and GI tract
-constriction of bladder and intestinal sphincters

37
Q

what does epinephrine do in fight or flight

A

-relaxation of smooth muscle in airways
-inc metabolic fules of glucose
-relaxation of bladder (decreased urination) and GI tract

38
Q

what are some other responses to stress

A

inc secretion of cortisol, ADH, aldosterone, glucagon from pancrease and GH all coordinateed by hypothalamus and anterior pituitary or SNS

39
Q

role of cortisol during the stress response

A

inc metabolic fuels of glucose, FA and AA
permissive for catecholamine stimulated casoconstriction
induces enzyme for production of epinephrine

40
Q

role of ADH and aldosterone during stress

A

retention of sodium and water to protect ECF and blood volume and important during hevy swearing and in case of blood loss

41
Q

role of glucagon during stress

A

opposes effect of insulin to inc blood glucose concentration

42
Q

what exhibits the phenomemon of synergism

A

glucagon, epinepherine and cortisol. a
combined effects to raise glucose levels are greater than the additive

43
Q

results of prolonged stress

A

hypertension
hyperglycemia
hyperlipidemia
inc infections and allergies
insomnia
headaches
depression
learning and memory problems

44
Q

direction of blood flow in adrenal cortex

A

from the outer capsule to the inner medulla

45
Q

what is the starting point for production of male and female homrones

A

DHEA

46
Q

how does ACTH corerlate to all 3 zones in the adrenal cortex

A

it is trophic for all three
hypertrophy leads to overproduction of homrons
hypotrophy leads to underproduction of homrones

47
Q

catecholaimes

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

MED 310 (47 decks)

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