ANS

Question 1

somatic nervous system

Answer 1

subject to voluntary control
innervates skeletal muscle with the exception of: diaphragm and some pharyngeal and upper esophageal muscles like swallowing

Question 2

autonomic nervous system

Answer 2

involuntary branch of peripheral nervous system
innervates the heart, smooth muscle, most glands, and adipose tissue

Question 3

special case of autonomic nervous system

Answer 3

trained spy can hide autonomous responses better than average joe

Question 4

ANS and varicosities

Answer 4

ANS has many varicosities affecting the whole organ

Question 5

ANS divisions

Answer 5

has two: sympathetic and parasympathetic that maintain the balance of organ systmes for different functional states

Question 6

antagonistic control of ANS

Answer 6

sympathetic and parasympathetic have tonic activities meaning most internal organs are under antagonistic control of both divisions with one being excitatory and one being inhibitory

Question 7

what happens when the body gets ready for exercise or threats

Answer 7

blood flow shunted to skeletal muscles and heart
bronchiles dialate
liver releases glucose
GI tract and urogenital systems inhibited

Question 8

sympathetic nervous system roles

Answer 8

mobilizes body resources for activity- fight or flight system
4E’s
exercise
excitation
emergency
embarasement

Question 9

role or parasympathetic system

Answer 9

promotes maintenance activities and conserves body energy

Question 10

illustration of parasympathetic

Answer 10

person after a meal relaxing
blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate are low
Gastrointestinal tract activity is high
pupils are constricted

Question 11

autonomic pathway neuron pathway

Answer 11

two neurons that synapse in an autonomic ganglion
CNS- preganglionic neuron- autonomic ganglion- postganglionic neuron- target tissue

Question 12

autonomic control centres in the brain

Answer 12

sub cortical bc not conscious
hypothalamus
midbrain
pons
medulla
spinal chord

Question 13

hypothalamus

Answer 13

water balance, temp, hunger

Question 14

midbrain

Answer 14

pupillary reflex

Question 15

pons

Answer 15

respiration
urinary bladder

Question 16

medulla

Answer 16

respiration
cardiac
vomiting
swallowing

Question 17

spinal chord

Answer 17

visceral reflex

Question 18

what neurotransmitter relays impulses to postganglionic neurons

Answer 18

acetylcholine

Question 19

what neurotransmitter do sympathetic nerves use at the target organ

Answer 19

norepinephrine

Question 20

what neurotransmitter do parasympathetic nerves use at the target organ

Answer 20

acetylcholine

Question 21

origins of sympathetic system

Answer 21

sympathetic pathways originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal chord which provides sympathetic innervation of the entire body

T1-L2

Question 22

where are sympathetic ganglia found

Answer 22

primarily in two chains that run along either side of the bony vertebral column with additional ganglia along the descending aorta at the origin of major abdominal arteries

ex. celiac and mesentric ganglia

Question 23

sympathetic pre and postganglia

Answer 23

short preganglionic axons and long postganglionic axons. the ganglia are farther away from their target organs

Question 24

routes of pre ganglionic fibres

Answer 24

have several routes to reach their targets

Question 25

preganglionic fibres routes

Answer 25

enter the paravertebral sympathetic trunk (chain of ganglia) -synapse in the trunk and postsynaptic fibers join somatic nerves to the body (vessels and sweat glands) -through the trunk to cervical ganglia where they synapse to give rise to postganglionic fibers that innervate the head and thoracic viscera -through the trunk to form splanchnic nerves which reach and synapse in the collateral ganglia to innervate abdominal viscera -through the trunk to reach the adrenal glands -synapse in the trunk and continue as sacral spanchnic nerve to pelvic organs

Question 26

collateral ganglia

Answer 26

celiac, mesenteric

Question 27

where are preganglionic sympathetic neurons

Answer 27

in spinal chord segments T1-L2

Question 28

what enters the ganglionic chain

Answer 28

presynaptic fibres- white ramus

Question 29

what joins the corresponding spinal nerves to targets

Answer 29

postganglionic fibres- grey ramus

Question 30

what serves as the postsynaptic symathetic neurons

Answer 30

adrenal medulla -neurons do not have axons but instead release transmitters into the blood to circulate the body -20% norepinephrine and 80% epinepherine

Question 31

what are the components of the parasympathetic system

Answer 31

cranial and sacral

Question 32

what cranial nerves innervate the salivary glands and eye muscles

Answer 32

III, VII, IX

Question 33

what is the vagus nerve and what does it do

Answer 33

CN X descends and wanders through the thoracic and abdominal cavities inneravting all viscera there

Question 34

what is the sacral chord and what does it do

Answer 34

S2-4 gives rise to parasympathetic fibres that innervate the pelvic organs

Question 35

do the cranial nerves join the somatic nerves

Answer 35

no and as a result peripheral arterioles and sweat galnds are innerated by sympathetic nerves only

Question 36

what percentage of parasympathetic fibres does the vagus nerve contain

Answer 36

75% parasympathetic innervation to all visceral organs except for the pelvic organs

Question 37

what provides parasympathetic innervation to the pelvic organs

Answer 37

the sacral cord s2-4

Question 38

where are parasympathetic ganglia located

Answer 38

either in or near their target organs long preganglionic axons and short postganglionic axons

Question 39

how does sympathetic nerves dialate arterioles in skeletal muscle byt constict vessels in gut? parasympathetic slow down heart but speed up gut?

Answer 39

the diversity of cholinoceptors and adrenoceptors on target organs forms the basis of different response patterns

Question 40

how do receptor subtypes work to produce diversified responses

Answer 40

they are structurally related to bind and respond to same transmitter but they are coupled with different cellular proteins and induce different signalling cascades for dramatically different effects

Question 41

adrenergic receptors and their subtypes

Answer 41

bind to norepinephrine and epinephrine alpha receptors- subtypes a1 and a2 beta receptors- subtypes B1,B2,B3

Question 42

where is a1 present and what does it do

Answer 42

in arterioles and excitatory

Question 43

where is b1 and what does it do

Answer 43

in heart and excitatory

Question 44

where is b2 and what does it do

Answer 44

in bronchiles and skeletal muscles and inhibitor

Question 45

muscarinic receptors

Answer 45

all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibres (parasympathetic fibres to target organs) acetylcholine at these receptors can be inhibitory or excititory dependig on subsypes M1,M2,M3

Question 46

M1 + M3 receptor and what it does

Answer 46

excitatory and present in exocrine glands and GI smooth muscles

Question 47

M2 and what it does

Answer 47

inhibiotry and present in heart and bladder

Question 48

what adrenogenic receptors are used in sympathetic response

Answer 48

a1- arterioles- excitatory b2- skeleal and bronchioles dialate-inhibitory- more blood flow and oxygen

Question 49

bladder in parasympathetic response

Answer 49

is inhibited by M2 in muscranic receptors which are due to aceetylcholine

Question 50

receptor subtypes responding differently to same neurotrasmitter

Answer 50

coupled to diffrerent cellular proteins and induce different signalling cascades for different effects