Random BL/DD Step 1 Flashcards by MO ROUTH

Keloid

scarring is excess production of scar tissue that extend beyond borders of the original wound.

It is characterized by excess type III collagen and commonly return after resection.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

promotes angiogenesis and increases vascular permeability.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

red blood cells with a “bullseye” target appearance

Target Cells

Target cells are associated with:
HbC disease
Asplenia
Liver disease
Thalassemia

Mnemonic: “HALT!” said the hunter to his target.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Coagulative necrosis Pathophysiology

Often due to interruption of the blood supply

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Three main causes of THrombocytopenia

Decreased Marrow Production
Spleen Sequestration
Inc destruction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

surface proteins on endothelial cells and leukocytes mediate rolling

selectines

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

C-reactive protein

enhances phagocytosis

can be measured as a sign of ongoing inflamation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ferritin

Binds and sequesters iron

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hepcidin

Inhibits release of storage iron

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe the primary function of dendritic cells

Dendritic cells are antigen-sampling and -presenting cells.

MHC2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Degmacytes (or “bite cells”)

red cells formed as a result of macrophage-mediated removal of hemoglobin.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sickle Cell Trait

Heterozygotes
Hb AS
Do not show symptoms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most Reactive O2 radical

OH radical

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Opsonization

facilitates phagocytosis by tagging specific molecules for phagocytosis.

most important opsonins are IgG and C3b

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

“helmet cells”

red cell fragments that appear as half-discs with 2-3 pointed extremities. They form when red cells are sieved by fibrin strands in damaged blood vessels.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Liquefactive necrosis

characterized by enzymatic liquefaction of necrotic tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

During acute inflammation, which cell type dominates 1-2 days following neutrophil infiltration?

Following neutrophils (1-2 days later), macrophages manage the next step of the inflammatory process

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4 histologic findings consistent with apoptosis.

~Cell shrinkage
~Chromatin condensation (pyknosis)
~DNA fragmentation (karyorrhexis)
~Membrane blebbing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Aplastic anemia is characterized by

diminished or absent hematopoietic precursors in the bone marrow, usually as a result of injury to the pluripotent stem cell.

disorder encompasses pancytopenia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Integrins

Mediate tight leukocyte binding

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Basophilic stippling conditions?

~Thalassemias
~Anemia of chronic disease
~Lead poisoning
~Alcohol abuse

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

All blood cells arise from

Hematopoietic stem cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hematopoiesis

Creation of blood

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hemolysis

Premature RBC destruction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Erythropoietin

Hormone made by the kidney. | Stimulates marrow to produce RBCs

Where is folate absorbed?

Jejunum

Where is vB12 absorbed

Ilium

Methymalonic Acid levels

Increased in b12 def | Normal in folate deficiency

TLR recognizes

PAMPS | part of innate immunity

PAMPS are on

Foreign invaders

CD14

TLR on MACs | Can see lipopolysachs on GN bacteria

NF KB

Transcription factor "On switch" for acute inflammation response Leads to production of immune mediators

Arachidonic Acid

COX to PG pathway and Lipooxygenase pathway

PGI2, PGD, PGE2 mediate

Vasodilation and increased vascular perm

PGE2 mediates

Fever and pain | Cox path

Anemia of chronic disease

Fe is locked in macs Lower heme production Lower hemoglobin leads to micro cystic anemia

Sideroblastic anemia

Lowered proto production Lowered heme production Micro cystic anemia

Thalsemia leading to micro cystic anemia

Decreased globin chain Decreased hemoglobin Decreased RBC size

Most common form of anemia

Iron Deficiency anemia

Iron is absorbed where?

Duodenum

Entercyte

Transports iron into the blood via ferroportin

Transferrin

Transports iron and delivers it to liver and bone marrow

Which chromosome contains the alpha globin genes?

Chromosome 16

1 alpha globin gene deletion

pt will be asymptomatic

α-thalassemia trait

If 2 alleles are deleted | Mild anemia

If 3 alpha globin alleles are deleted

microcytic, hypochromic anemia | β-globin chains form tetramers (HbH)

β-globin chains form tetramers (HbH)

forms when three alpha globins are deleted

myeloid to erythroid ratio (M:E)

ratio of myeloid precursor cells to erythrocyte precursor cells varies from 2:1 to 4:1. increased ratio is seen in myelogenous leukemia

Ferritin

stores iron and releases it in a controlled fashion

Hemosiderin

Iron storage molecule | always found within cells

Myoglobin

iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in the muscle tissue Myoglobin is only found in the bloodstream after muscle injury

Transferrin

Iron transporter

Total iron binding capacity

laboratory test that measures the blood's capacity to bind iron with transferrin

Intrinsic factor

a protein essential for subsequent absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum.

Pernicious anemia

megoblastic anemia- Autoimmune loss of gastric parietal cells, responsible for secretion of intrinsic factor, essential for absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum.

Iron deficiency Anemia | Lab Values

Low Fe serum Normal TIBC Low Transferrin Sat Low ferritin

Hereditary spherocytosis

Hemoytic anemia Extra-vascular abnormal erythrocytes are sphere-shaped

DAT test | Direct antigen test

Looks for complement and IgG on RBC | IgG positive warm hemeyoliticanemia

Warm DAT | Warm AIH

manifests in warm blood IgG is able to bind at any time Splenectomy might be helpful

Cold DAT | Cold AIH

IgM is binding, precipitates in cold binding complement

Warm AIHA treatment

Glucocorticoid Splenectomy Antibody to the B Cells

Which bacteria has lipopolysaccharide and an outer membrane?

Gram negative

Which bacteria has teichoic acid?

Gram positive

CD34 marker

Generic marker of immaturity

B cell lineage markers

CD19 | CD22

Marker of T cell lineage

CD3 | CD7

Tdt cell markers

Lymphoblast Marker

APL Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML, APL) subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) Rx, and path?

fuses retonic acid receptor. Re-tonic acid and arsenic salts treat this Can give rise to DIC "APPLE TONIC"

ALL bad prognosis

Infants under 1 People over 10 T-lymphopblast hyperploidy Slow response to rx

Myleoblast characteristic

aurer rods | rods common in APL

Why do bacterial spores form?

When there are just enough nutrients present

When bacterial spores have enough nutrients, what process occures?

They convert back to vegatative cells through germination