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BL/DD USMLE and Basics > Random BL/DD Step 1 > Flashcards

Random BL/DD Step 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Keloid

A

scarring is excess production of scar tissue that extend beyond borders of the original wound.

It is characterized by excess type III collagen and commonly return after resection.

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2
Q

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

A

promotes angiogenesis and increases vascular permeability.

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3
Q

red blood cells with a “bullseye” target appearance

A

Target Cells

Target cells are associated with:
HbC disease
Asplenia
Liver disease
Thalassemia

Mnemonic: “HALT!” said the hunter to his target.

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4
Q

Coagulative necrosis Pathophysiology

A

Often due to interruption of the blood supply

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5
Q

Three main causes of THrombocytopenia

A

Decreased Marrow Production
Spleen Sequestration
Inc destruction

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6
Q

surface proteins on endothelial cells and leukocytes mediate rolling

A

selectines

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7
Q

C-reactive protein

A

enhances phagocytosis

can be measured as a sign of ongoing inflamation

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8
Q

Ferritin

A

Binds and sequesters iron

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9
Q

Hepcidin

A

Inhibits release of storage iron

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10
Q

Describe the primary function of dendritic cells

A

Dendritic cells are antigen-sampling and -presenting cells.

MHC2

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11
Q

Degmacytes (or “bite cells”)

A

red cells formed as a result of macrophage-mediated removal of hemoglobin.

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12
Q

Sickle Cell Trait

A

Heterozygotes
Hb AS
Do not show symptoms

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13
Q

Most Reactive O2 radical

A

OH radical

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14
Q

Opsonization

A

facilitates phagocytosis by tagging specific molecules for phagocytosis.

most important opsonins are IgG and C3b

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15
Q

“helmet cells”

A

red cell fragments that appear as half-discs with 2-3 pointed extremities. They form when red cells are sieved by fibrin strands in damaged blood vessels.

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16
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

characterized by enzymatic liquefaction of necrotic tissue

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17
Q

During acute inflammation, which cell type dominates 1-2 days following neutrophil infiltration?

A

Following neutrophils (1-2 days later), macrophages manage the next step of the inflammatory process

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18
Q

4 histologic findings consistent with apoptosis.

A

~Cell shrinkage
~Chromatin condensation (pyknosis)
~DNA fragmentation (karyorrhexis)
~Membrane blebbing

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19
Q

Aplastic anemia is characterized by

A

diminished or absent hematopoietic precursors in the bone marrow, usually as a result of injury to the pluripotent stem cell.

disorder encompasses pancytopenia

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20
Q

Integrins

A

Mediate tight leukocyte binding

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21
Q

Basophilic stippling conditions?

A

~Thalassemias
~Anemia of chronic disease
~Lead poisoning
~Alcohol abuse

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22
Q

All blood cells arise from

A

Hematopoietic stem cell

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23
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Creation of blood

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24
Q

Hemolysis

A

Premature RBC destruction

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25
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone made by the kidney.

Stimulates marrow to produce RBCs

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26
Q

Where is folate absorbed?

A

Jejunum

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27
Q

Where is vB12 absorbed

A

Ilium

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28
Q

Methymalonic Acid levels

A

Increased in b12 def

Normal in folate deficiency

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29
Q

TLR recognizes

A

PAMPS

part of innate immunity

30
Q

PAMPS are on

A

Foreign invaders

31
Q

CD14

A

TLR on MACs

Can see lipopolysachs on GN bacteria

32
Q

NF KB

A

Transcription factor

“On switch” for acute inflammation response

Leads to production of immune mediators

33
Q

Arachidonic Acid

A

COX to PG pathway

and Lipooxygenase pathway

34
Q

PGI2, PGD, PGE2 mediate

A

Vasodilation and increased vascular perm

35
Q

PGE2 mediates

A

Fever and pain

Cox path

36
Q

Anemia of chronic disease

A

Fe is locked in macs
Lower heme production
Lower hemoglobin
leads to micro cystic anemia

37
Q

Sideroblastic anemia

A

Lowered proto production
Lowered heme production
Micro cystic anemia

38
Q

Thalsemia leading to micro cystic anemia

A

Decreased globin chain
Decreased hemoglobin
Decreased RBC size

39
Q

Most common form of anemia

A

Iron Deficiency anemia

40
Q

Iron is absorbed where?

A

Duodenum

41
Q

Entercyte

A

Transports iron into the blood via ferroportin

42
Q

Transferrin

A

Transports iron and delivers it to liver and bone marrow

43
Q

Which chromosome contains the alpha globin genes?

A

Chromosome 16

44
Q

1 alpha globin gene deletion

A

pt will be asymptomatic

45
Q

α-thalassemia trait

A

If 2 alleles are deleted

Mild anemia

46
Q

If 3 alpha globin alleles are deleted

A

microcytic, hypochromic anemia

β-globin chains form tetramers (HbH)

47
Q

β-globin chains form tetramers (HbH)

A

forms when three alpha globins are deleted

48
Q

myeloid to erythroid ratio (M:E)

A

ratio of myeloid precursor cells to erythrocyte precursor cells

varies from 2:1 to 4:1.
increased ratio is seen in myelogenous leukemia

49
Q

Ferritin

A

stores iron and releases it in a controlled fashion

50
Q

Hemosiderin

A

Iron storage molecule

always found within cells

51
Q

Myoglobin

A

iron- and oxygen-binding protein
found in the muscle tissue
Myoglobin is only found in the bloodstream after muscle injury

52
Q

Transferrin

A

Iron transporter

53
Q

Total iron binding capacity

A

laboratory test that measures the blood’s capacity to bind iron with transferrin

54
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

a protein essential for subsequent absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum.

55
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

megoblastic anemia- Autoimmune

loss of gastric parietal cells, responsible for secretion of intrinsic factor, essential for absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum.

56
Q

Iron deficiency Anemia

Lab Values

A

Low Fe serum
Normal TIBC
Low Transferrin Sat
Low ferritin

57
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis

A

Hemoytic anemia
Extra-vascular
abnormal erythrocytes are sphere-shaped

58
Q

DAT test

Direct antigen test

A

Looks for complement and IgG on RBC

IgG positive warm hemeyoliticanemia

59
Q

Warm DAT

Warm AIH

A

manifests in warm blood
IgG is able to bind at any time

Splenectomy might be helpful

60
Q

Cold DAT

Cold AIH

A

IgM is binding, precipitates in cold binding complement

61
Q

Warm AIHA treatment

A

Glucocorticoid
Splenectomy
Antibody to the B Cells

62
Q

Which bacteria has lipopolysaccharide and an outer membrane?

A

Gram negative

63
Q

Which bacteria has teichoic acid?

A

Gram positive

64
Q

CD34 marker

A

Generic marker of immaturity

65
Q

B cell lineage markers

A

CD19

CD22

66
Q

Marker of T cell lineage

A

CD3

CD7

67
Q

Tdt cell markers

A

Lymphoblast Marker

68
Q

APL
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML, APL) subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

Rx, and path?

A

fuses retonic acid receptor.

Re-tonic acid and arsenic salts treat this

Can give rise to DIC

“APPLE TONIC”

69
Q

ALL bad prognosis

A

Infants under 1
People over 10
T-lymphopblast hyperploidy
Slow response to rx

70
Q

Myleoblast characteristic

A

aurer rods

rods common in APL

71
Q

Why do bacterial spores form?

A

When there are just enough nutrients present

72
Q

When bacterial spores have enough nutrients, what process occures?

A

They convert back to vegatative cells through germination

BL/DD USMLE and Basics (55 decks)

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