BL- Immunology of AIDS

Question 1

First described in 1981, by 2004 it was the 5th
leading cause of death in the world, the 4th in
developing countries. So far, 36 million have died.

Answer 1

HIV/AIDS

Question 2

HIV is a nontransforming retrovirus, that is, an RNA virus that carries no oncogene, and reproduces itself by copying its RNA into DNA by means of its own enzyme:______

Answer 2

reverse transcriptase

Question 3

Retroviridae virus family

characterized by a long incubation period.

can deliver a lots of viral RNA into the DNA of the host cell

able to infect non-dividing cells, so they are one of the most efficient methods of a gene delivery vector.

ex: HIV

Answer 3

lentiviruses

Question 4

SIDA

Answer 4

another name for HIV/AIDS

Question 5

Where does HIV-1 come from/orginate?

Answer 5

originates from a Simenon virus

SIV(cpz)—> humans (HIV)

*also crossed into gorillas (~1920)

Question 6

AIDS is caused by a virus called HIV-1, for:

Answer 6

Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Question 7

Gorilla SIV(gor) spread to

Answer 7

Humans. Created another HIV subtype

There have been 4 jumps

Question 8

When a virus jumps species it becomes ______

Answer 8

More virulent

Question 9

long-term survivors

Answer 9

homozygous for a 32-base pair deletion in the gene for a chemokine receptor, CCR5 (they were CCR5d32).

HIV resistant

Question 10

CCR5 is an HIV _____

Answer 10

coreceptor

Question 11

elite controllers

Answer 11

long-term survivors group- became infected but did not progress to AIDS. Two-thirds of them have the HLA-B57 allele.

Question 12

HIV is

Answer 12

a non transforming retrovirus

slow acting

Question 13

______ is an HIV coreceptor

Answer 13

CCR5

Question 14

HLA-B57 allele.

Answer 14

elite controllers

Question 15

non transforming virus means

Answer 15

no oncogene

Question 16

SET Point

Answer 16

Variable viral titer concentration of HIV after immune system responds to HIV.

The virus does not completely go down like normal virus

Question 17

T cell number cut off for AIDs

Answer 17

200

below 200 you will experience opportunistic infections

Question 18

HIV viral structure

Answer 18

RNA
reverse trascriptase 
bilayer lipid membrane (human) 
gp120 
gp41

Question 19

The only good thing about HIV virus structure?

Answer 19

Bilayer lipid membrane from humans
Once this dries out, its dead
Doesn’t survive well in environment

Question 20

T helper cells have ___ on the surface

Answer 20

CD4

Question 21

_____ from HIV binds the CD4 of Th

Answer 21

gp120

Question 22

______ from HIV invades the CD4 Th

Answer 22

gp41

Question 23

One Fate of an HIV infected cell is?

Answer 23

To die.

Being ripped apart by virus leaving with it’s membrane at a high rate

Question 24

Viral Resivoir

Answer 24

Tfh cells

Question 25

Tfh cells

Answer 25

a distinct subset of CD4+ helper T (Th) cells that regulate the development of antigen specific B cell immunity.

Question 26

If the cell does not die or become reservoir for HIV, then…..

Answer 26

There is latent infection

Question 27

gp120 and gp41 stud the infected cell’s membrane before

Answer 27

the virus buds

Question 28

gp120 grabs the ___ adjacent cell and fuse them

Answer 28

Th

This lets the HIV virus pass internally
No exposure to antibody

Question 29

Reverse transcriptas has ____ rates of mutation

Answer 29

very high

Mutates every cycle of replication, making it hard to fight

Question 30

CCR5d32

Answer 30

Have resistance to HIV
Th get infected less
North European Caucasians have 11% allele frequency

Question 31

Antibody to HIV peaks by ________

Answer 31

9-12 weeks

Question 32

The most common test is for _______ to HIV

Answer 32

antibody

Question 33

Reverse transcriptase (RT) is unique to retroviruses, using their RNA template to create DNA, so it’s a _________

Answer 33

good drug target.

Question 34

Elite Controllers have

Answer 34

really well controlled HIV infection

Almost all HLAB57

Question 35

HLAB57 is very good to

Answer 35

presenting HIV antigens/peptides

Make very good CTLs

Question 36

HLAB57 develop ______ to a specific drug

Answer 36

Delayed hypersensitivity to abacavir (an HIV treatment)

Question 37

HIV diagnosis

Answer 37

ELISA- many false positives
Followed up with western blot for + tests

PCR- very sensitive

Question 38

______ is an approved DIY HIV test, available in stores

Answer 38

OraQuick

Tests IgG in the mouth (crivicular fluid)

Question 39

NRTI

Answer 39

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Question 40

Anti retroviral therapy

Answer 40

3 drug cocktail:

2 competitive inhibitors
1 non-nucleoside (NNRTI)

Question 41

HIV vaccine problem

Answer 41

Same problem as flu

May neutralize 1 HIV, but not many of the other viruses

Question 42

bnAb

Answer 42

bnAbs have been found, they are rare, only found in a subgroup, take years to develop, and are extensively hypermutated; no method exists now for induction of these Abs by immunization

Question 43

The CD4 binding site of gp120 usually _____

Answer 43

does not mutate (and still be HIV)

Question 44

The CD4 binding site of gp120 can be selected for by _____

Answer 44

bnAbs

*may be useful for vaccine development