BL- TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

immunodeficiencies (esp T cells) have inc rate of tumors

e.g. AIDS patients have a higher rate of Kaposi sarcoma, Burkitt lymphoma, and some other tumors.

A

Evidence for cancer immune surveillance:

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2
Q

Immune Surveillance

A

proposed in 1950 that the real role is to survey cells and kill abnormal guys, and this would kill cancer

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3
Q

We can think about the role of the immune system in neoplastic development as a series of stages in a process that has been called _____

A

“immunoediting”

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4
Q

Organ transplant recipients taking powerful immunosuppressive drugs had a 25 to 100-fold increase in tumors relative to healthy controls.

A

Evidence for cancer immune surveillance:

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5
Q

If ____ are invading cancer, better prognosis

A

lymphocytes

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6
Q

Nude mice (mice with no thymus) should get tumors very readily, but in fact spontaneous tumors are______

A

rare in these mice.

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7
Q

People treated with chemotherapy may have a 14-fold increased risk of developing secondary leukemia.

A

Evidence for cancer immune surveillance:

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8
Q

(NK) cells, which are not part of the traditional (T and B cell) immune system can:

A

tumoricidal

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9
Q

immunoediting

A

role of the immune system in neoplastic development as a series of stages

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10
Q

A small percentage of tumors, mainly melanomas and some lymphomas, spontaneously regress, presumably due to an immunologic response

A

Evidence for cancer immune surveillance:

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11
Q

IMMUNOEDITING STEPS

A

Elimination- kill the bad guy
Equilibrium
Escape: the tumor cells fight back

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12
Q

Driver mutation

A

a mutation that gives a selective advantage to a clone in its microenvironment, through either increasing its survival or reproduction.

creates cancer

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13
Q

Activated T cells that recognize tumor-associated antigens can easily be identified.

The presence of lymphocytes in a tumor (tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes or TIL,) many of which are tumor-specific, is a good prognostic sign.

A

Evidence for cancer immune surveillance:

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14
Q

lymphocytes infiltrate the tumor, but do not fully destroy it. Instead the tumor and lymphocytes exist in _______

A

Equilibrium

IMMUNOEDITING STEPS

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15
Q

when a clone becomes malignant its most likely fate is to be recognized as abnormal by both the innate and adaptive immune systems, and thus ______

A

eliminated

((IMMUNOEDITING STEPS))

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16
Q

tumors fight back when the immune system attacks them.

For example, it is common to find tumor-specific ______ surrounding tumor clusters in biopsies.

A

CTLs

17
Q

Becomes tumors are out of control and mutating a lot, the immune system may:

A

have a hard time keeping up

allows escape

18
Q

The tumor is invisible to the immune system or _____ it locally

A

suppress immune cells

leads to escape

19
Q

______ probably the most important cells in tumor resistance.

A

CD8+ T cells (CTL)

20
Q

Tumor Acs. Antigens

A

Different from normal cell by:

  • over expression of normal Ag
  • mutated
21
Q

Th1 cells- CD4+ T cells

A

recognize the tumor antigens, make lymphokines, and attract angry M1 macrophages

22
Q

Tumor rejection antigen

A

Antigen from a tumor that the immune system can “see”

23
Q

usually called LGLs (large granular lymphocytes).

part of innate immunity.

A

Natural Killer (NK) cells

24
Q

Cells need to see _____ to actually fight a tumor

A

Immuno-dominate epitope (if it exists, proposed)

25
Q

ONCOFETAL ANTIGENS

A

Fetus grows a lot, may turn on again in adulthood but CAN BE turned back on into a cancer

VERY high false positive in screening

26
Q

tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL)

A

Cells directly from the tumor

27
Q

This technology utilizes cells from the patient’s immune system to destroy cancerous cells that cannot be surgically removed.

Cells isolated from the patient’s blood, tumor, or lymph nodes.

A

Adoptive cell transfer therapy.

28
Q

DIFFERENTIATION ANTIGENS

A

Characteristic of a specific cancer
Monoclonal AB can target this and treat it
ex: HER-2/neu

29
Q

Natural mechanisms to kill tumor cells

A
  • CTL
  • Th1
  • Macs
  • NK
  • ABs
30
Q

Vaccine to cancer

A

Every tumor is different, so making a vaccine is challenging

ex:
pts monocyte–> dendrytic cells–> soaked in prostate antigen –> used as vaccine

$$$

31
Q

QALY

A

Quality adjusted life year

Ins companies will pay 30,000 per QALY

32
Q

Innocent Bystander Cancer Rx

A

BCG (TB) is injected directly into the tumor.

A ferocious delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to BCG ensues, and the tumor cells are killed as innocent bystanders.

treatment of choice for superficial bladder
carcinoma.

33
Q

Check point inhibitors

A

“Off button” for immune cells (lymphocytes)

T cells:
CTLA-4
PD-1

B cells: CD80/86

Tumors are rich in ligands for these things

Monoclonal ABs can target this