BL- Immunohemotology ABO/Rh

Question 1

Red cells do not carry MHC antigens in humans, and the antigens they do carry are much less __________ in the population

Answer 1

polymorphic

(that is, many fewer alleles).

Question 2

H substance

Answer 2

Sugar on all red cells

*this is all O has

Question 3

____________catalyse the transfer of activated carbohydrate moieties from donor molecules to an acceptor molecule.

Answer 3

Glycosyltransferases

Question 4

Red cells do not carry:

Answer 4

MHC

Question 5

A-morph

Answer 5

gene that does not code for protein

The O allele is an “amorph;”

Question 6

_________assemble the basic “core” sugar chain which almost everybody has, it is called
the “H” antigen.

Answer 6

Glycosyltransferases

Question 7

Group A blood have a glycosyl transferase allele which puts an additional sugar on the H antigen, and people who are B have a different allelic form of this enzyme which adds a___________

Answer 7

different sugar

Question 8

There are some people who lack the transferase gene that puts the final sugar on the “core”, and thus do not express even the H antigen, so there is no substrate for the A or B glycosyltransferases to modify.

Blood type?

Answer 8

This is the Bombay phenotype (Oh,) and it is rare

Question 9

Can bombay blood groups have blood transfusions?

Answer 9

only from Bombay, cannot accept O

Question 10

Group A and B blood group genotypes can include

Answer 10

O geneotype

ex: you may be AA or AO

Question 11

A blood make anit____

Answer 11

anti b

Question 12

B blood make anit___

Answer 12

anti a

Question 13

O blood make anit___

Answer 13

anti a and anti b

Question 14

AB blood make anit___

Answer 14

Nothing, no anti’s

Question 15

Bombay makes anti_____

Answer 15

everything, A B O

Needs xfuision from bombay

Question 16

The second most important blood group system is _______, so called because it was discovered by workers studying rhesus monkeys.

Answer 16

Rh

Question 17

Rhesus (Rh) factor is an inherited trait that refers to a specific protein found on the surface of red blood cells. If your blood has the protein, you’re Rh positive — the most common Rh factor. If your blood lacks the protein, you’re Rh _____

Answer 17

negative

Question 18

ISOHEMAGGLUTININS

Answer 18

substances that agglutinate the red blood cells of others of the same species, are also found in humans.

Thus, there are four main blood groups, which differ with respect to two antigens, A and B, in the red blood cells and two isohemagglutinins, anti-A and anti-B, in the serum. T

Question 19

Isohemagglutinins are of the______class

Answer 19

IgM

Must be IgM due to placenta crossing

Question 20

Dd

Answer 20

important Rh protin
D= intact
d= amorph

Question 21

DD

Answer 21

Rh +

Question 22

Dd

Answer 22

Rh+

Question 23

dd

Answer 23

Rh -

Question 24

Rh - makes AB against

Answer 24

Rh + blood

Question 25

Red cells live

Answer 25

120 days

Question 26

Do people get blood transfusions for volume?

Answer 26

No

Question 27

If there is no hemolysis or agglutination, the blood and the recipient are considered _______

Answer 27

“compatible”

Question 28

Do we give whole blood?

Answer 28

Generally not, because plasma stuffs can react to recipient cells

We usually give just RBCs

Question 29

is there antibody already on these cells I am

interested in? You rinse off the cells and add antiglobulin to find out.

Answer 29

direct antiglobulin test (DAT)

The direct test detects cells
that were coated with antibody in vivo.

Question 30

is there unexpected antibody to red cell antigens in the plasma of this potential recipient?

take red cells, add the plasma, rinse the cells, and then add antiglobulin.

If cells agglutinate, must have been AB to them in the plasma, because antiglobulin alone won’t react

Answer 30

indirect antiglobulin test (IAT)

Question 31

IgG attack the RBC in the fetal circulation; the red blood cells are broken down and the fetus can develop reticulocytosis and anemia.

occurs in Rh(D)+ babies of Rh(D)- mothers

Answer 31

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Question 32

A newborn has a high bilirubin. He’s Rh(D)+
and mother is Rh(D)-

Hemolytic disease of the newborn is possible, but there are other causes of:

Answer 32

hyperbilirubinemia

Question 33

HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN (HDN) Rx

Answer 33

Give mother IgG antibody to Rh(D) Rh-immune globulin

basically causing autoimmune destruction of the AB you do not want

Question 34

RhoGAM

Answer 34

used to prevent the immunological condition known as Rh disease (or hemolytic disease of newborn).

Question 35

medicine is a solution of IgG anti-D (anti-RhD) antibodies that take out any fetal RhD-positive erythrocytes which have entered the maternal blood stream from fetal circulation, before maternal immune system can react to them, thus preventing maternal sensitization

Answer 35

RhoGAM

Question 36

Anti-Rh antibodies are usually IgG (being anti-proteins), and do cross the:

Answer 36

placenta

Question 37

HETEROPHILE ANTIBODIES

Answer 37

antibodies induced by external antigens

Some cross-react with self-antigens. For example, in rheumatic fever

Question 38

RhoGAM is a solution of IgG anti-D (anti-RhD) antibodies that take out any fetal RhD-positive erythrocytes which have entered the maternal blood stream from fetal circulation, before maternal immune system can react to them, thus preventing _________

Answer 38

maternal sensitization