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BL/DD USMLE and Basics > DD- MEDICAL MYCOLOGY > Flashcards

DD- MEDICAL MYCOLOGY Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Fungi are _______ to bacteria, and thus, are largely insensitive to antibacterial antibiotics.

A

unrelated

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2
Q

_____ are eukaryotic, aerobic, unicellular or filamentous, heterotrophic organisms encased in a rigid cell wall

A

Fungi

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3
Q

Fungi may reproduce by _________means, and the nature reproduction is used in classification

A

sexual and/or asexual

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4
Q

As eukaryotes, fungal cells contain membrane bound organelles including
nuclei, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and _____

A

lysosomes.

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5
Q

Fungi lack ______and are not photosynthetic (autotrophic) like plants and algae, but instead obtain necessary organic substrates from their surroundings.

A

chlorophyll

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6
Q

Fungi have _____walls

A

rigid cell

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7
Q

Fungi have cell walls contain chitin (a material also found in the exoskeleton of insects) and also _______ (a material found in plant matter).

A

cellulose

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8
Q

Fungi also have a cell membrane inside of the cell wall which contains ______.

A

ergosterol

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9
Q

As eukaryotes, fungal cells contain membrane bound organelles including
______, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes.

A

nuclei

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10
Q

Fungal species may be subclassified as (4)

A

saprobes
symbionts
commensals
parasites

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11
Q

________live upon dead and decaying organic matter.

A

Saprobes

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12
Q

Fungi have cell walls contain ______ (a material also found in the exoskeleton of insects) and also cellulose (a material found in plant matter).

A

chitin

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13
Q

As eukaryotes, fungal cells contain _____

A

membrane bound organelles

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14
Q

_______live upon another organism to the mutual advantage of both.

A

Symbionts

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15
Q

______live upon another organism with no detriment to the host.

A

Commensals

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16
Q

_______live upon another organism with clear detriment to the host.

A

Parasites

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17
Q

YEAST - a ______ growth form

A

unicellular

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18
Q

MOLDS - a ______growth form

A

filamentous

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19
Q

the fungus reproduces via budding

to form blastoconidia, or by dividing in half through fission

A

YEAST- unicellular

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20
Q

the fungus reproduces via formation of spores or conidia. These filamentous elements are called hyphae.

A

MOLDS- filamentous

21
Q

A mass of hyphae is referred to collectively as:.

A

mycelium

22
Q

Septa divide hyphae into ______, but do not strictly divide the fungus into “cells,”

A

compartments

23
Q

_______ are simply elongated yeast linked together like sausages

A

Pseudohyphae

  • DO NOT have cytoplasmic connections
24
Q

specialized from of hyphal elements that grow like roots from larger hyphae

A

rhizoids

25
Q

demonstrate complete cell walls that

subdivide the hyphae into compartments

A

SEPTA – septate hyphae

*subdivisions are NOT equivalent to “cells,”

26
Q

asexual spores usually borne off of specialized aerial hyphae

A

CONIDIA

large and multinucleated (macroconidia) or small and unicellular (microconidia)

27
Q

similar to macroconidia, except that the asexual spores are enclosed in a membranous sac that breaks and the
entire structure is borne by a sporangiphore

A

SPORANGIA

28
Q

thick-walled, round spores that

are highly resistant to adverse environmental conditions.

A

CHLAMYDOSPORES

29
Q

like chlamydospores, arthrospores develop along the hyphae, but in general they are more numerous and elongated, often with a
shape likened to a “barrel.”

A

ARTHROSPORES

30
Q

large, asexual spores that develop during the yeast phase of some organisms growth. The yeast form of the dimorphic fungus

spherules in tissue that are filled with endospores

A

SPHERULES

31
Q

yeasts that bud asymmetrically are said to form:

A

BLASTOCONIDIA

32
Q

thick-walled, environmentally
protective forms of yeast that are produced by some medically-relevant fungi
that reproduce by fission

A

SCLEROTIC BODIES

33
Q

250,000 known forms of fungus, but only about ______ which are implicated in disease of humans

A

100-150

34
Q

medically-relevant fungi are divided simply into:

A
  1. Superficial fungal infections

2. Deep fungal infections/Systemic mycoses

35
Q

The three most common superficial fungal infections include:

A

dermatophytes, Candida and Pityrosporum species.

36
Q

defined as a group of hyphal fungi that utilizes keratin as a substrate for growth.

A

DERMATOPHYTES

37
Q

a non-dermatophyte yeast that prefers the glucose of interstitial fluids for growth.

A

CANDIDA

38
Q

yeast that prefers breakdown products of sebum (“skin oil”)

A

PITYROSPORUM

39
Q

dermatophytes, Candida and Pityrosporum species are

A

The three most common superficial fungal infections

40
Q

The presence of ______ in fungal cell membranes, and its absence in animal cell membranes, makes it a useful target for antifungal drugs

A

ergosterol

41
Q

bind with ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, and react with animal sterols to much lesser extent

A

POLYENES

fungicidal

42
Q

binds to ergosterol, creating a pore in the fungal membrane, which causes ions and other molecules to leak out of the cell

common medication for life-threatening fungal infections.

A

Amphotericin B

43
Q

inhibit the enzyme, 14α-demethylase. This enzyme converts lanosterol to ergosterol, and it is required in fungal cell membrane synthesis.

A

imidazole and triazole antifungals

44
Q

interfere with cytochrome P450 enzymes,

leading to potentially fatal drug interactions with certain medications

A

imidazole and triazole antifungals

45
Q

inhibit the enzyme squalene epoxidase, another enzyme required for ergosterol synthesis. The inhibition of this enzyme leads to accumulation of squalene within the fungal cell and this is directly toxic, making these agents fungicidal, rather than fungistatic.

A

ALLYLAMINES/BENZYLAMINES

46
Q

inhibit the synthesis of glucan in the cell walls of some fungi, probably via inhibition of the enzyme 1,3-β glucan synthase.

A

ECHINOCANDINS

47
Q

inhibits fungal cell mitosis by disrupting mitotic spindle formation, a critical step in cellular division.

A

Griseofulvin

48
Q

interrupts DNA synthesis, inhibiting fungal

growth.

A

Flucytosine

49
Q

chelate polyvalent metal cations, such as Fe3+ and Al3+ leading to inhibition of many different fungal enzymes,

A

Ciclopirox olamine

BL/DD USMLE and Basics (55 decks)

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