Physiology - Arterial pressure

Question 1

what is blood pressure?

a. force of blood through the heart
b. pressure exerted on the arteries
c. pressure exerted on the veins
d. pressure exerted on the heart

Answer 1

b.pressure exerted on the arteries

Question 2

what does the windkessel function of the aorta refer to?

a. ability to meet demand with supply
b. ability to generate enough force to pump blood to all tissues
c. the smooth flow of blood out of the heart

Answer 2

c.the smooth flow of blood out of the heart

Question 3

what does diastolic BP + (pulse pressure/3) give ?

a. cardiac output
b. stroke volume
c. mean arterial pressure

Answer 3

c.mean arterial pressure

Question 4

how much hydrostatic pressure is added to map according to height?

a. 0.5 mmhg /cm
b. 0.77 mmhg/ m
c. 0.77 mmhg/cm
d. 0.67 mmhg/ cm

Answer 4

c.0.77 mmhg/cm

Question 5

what is the correct equation for arterial blood pressure ?

a. CO x TPR
B. CO x stroke volume
C. TPR / CO

Answer 5

a. CO x TPR

Question 6

what type of blood vessel most contributes to the total peripheral resistance?

a. artery
b. arteriole
c. vein
d. capillary

Answer 6

b.arteriole

Question 7

where are baroreceptors found?

a. aortic arch and walls of the carotid sinus
b. aortic arch and coronary arteries
c. coronary arteries and carotid sinus
d. SAN and AVN

Answer 7

a.aortic arch and walls of the carotid sinus

Question 8

what nerves do baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch send signals via?

a. vagal and glosopharangeal efferents
b. vagal and sympathetic afferents
c. vagal and paraysmpathetic efferents
d. vagal and glosopharangeal afferents

Answer 8

d.vagal and glosopharangeal afferents

Question 9

where does the vagal and glosopharangeal afferents signal to?

A.NTS of the medulla

b. medullary cardiac and vasomotor areas
c. medullary cortex

Answer 9

b. medullary cardiac and vasomotor areas

Question 10

where do the vagal and glossopharnageal afferents synapse?

A.NTS of the medulla

b. medullary cardiac and vasomotor areas
c. medullary cortex

Answer 10

A.NTS of the medulla

Question 11

what are the efferent neurons inhibitory to?

a. paraysmpathetic output
b. sympathetic output

Answer 11

b. sympathetic output

Question 12

which nerve outflow are the baroreceptors efferent neurons excitatory to?

a. SAN
b. vagal
c. glosopharyngeal
d. AVN

Answer 12

b.vagal

Question 13

what is the net effect of baroreceptor stimulation?

a. reduce cardiac output
b. increase cardiac output
c. increase stroke volume

Answer 13

a.reduce cardiac output

Question 14

what is the role of sympathetic noradrenergic efferents from the vasomotor centre in arterioles and veins?

a. dilation
b. constriction
c. remodelling

Answer 14

b.constriction

Question 15

what is the effect of baroreceptor stimulation on total peripheral resistance

a. increase
b. decrease
c. no change

Answer 15

b.decrease

Question 16

how does baroreceptor stimulation lead to reduced total peripheral resistance?
a,stimulates output from the vasomotor centre

b. inhibits output from the medullary cardiac centre
c. inhibits output from the vasomotor centre

Answer 16

c.inhibits output from the vasomotor centre

Question 17

what is the correct order of events in response to a fall in BP?

a. decreased baroreceptor stimulation, increased sympathetic output to heart , decreased vagal tone, increased vasomotor tone, increased cardiac output and increased total peripheral resistance
a. decreased baroreceptor stimulation, increased cardiac output and increased total peripheral resistance, increased sympathetic output to heart , decreased vagal tone, increased vasomotor tone,

Answer 17

a.decreased baroreceptor stimulation, increased sympathetic output to heart , decreased vagal tone, increased vasomotor tone, increased cardiac output and increased total peripheral resistance

Question 18

what is the correct sequence of events in response to a rise in BP?

a. decreased baroreceptor stimulation, increased sympathetic output to heart , decreased vagal tone, increased vasomotor tone, increased cardiac output and increased total peripheral resistance
b. increased baroreceptor stimulation, decreased sympathetic output to heart, increased vagal tone, decreased vasomotor tone, decreased cardiac output, decreased total peripheral resistance

Answer 18

b.increased baroreceptor stimulation, decreased sympathetic output to heart, increased vagal tone, decreased vasomotor tone, decreased cardiac output, decreased total peripheral resistance

Question 19

what is infused during baroreceptor testing?

a. alpha adrenergic antagonist phenylephrine
b. beta adrenergic agonist phenylephrine
c. alpha adrengergic agonist phenyephrine

Answer 19

c.alpha adrengergic agonist phenyephrine

Question 20

in a baroreceptor test what should there be a linear relationship between?

a. cardiac output and blood pressure
b. blood pressure and heart rate (RR interval)
c. blood pressure and stroke volume

Answer 20

b.blood pressure and heart rate (RR interval)

Question 21

what is forced expiration against a closed glottis known as?

Answer 21

valsalva manouvre

Question 22

what should happen to BP in a normal vasalva manoeuvre ?

a. initial rise due to physical pressure in chest, fall because of venous compression and decreased CO (starling), rise due to baroreceptor compensation
b. initial fall due to phsycial pressure in chest, rise due to venous compression and increased CO, fall due to baroreceptor stimulation
c. pressure rises due to restoration of CO agasint background of high TPR , stimulates BP and BP falls back to normal

Answer 22

a.initial rise due to physical pressure in chest, fall because of venous compression and decreased CO (starling), rise due to baroreceptor compensation

Question 23

what happens when a patient stops straining after a valsalva manouvre?

a. initial rise due to physical pressure in chest, fall because of venous compression and decreased CO (starling), rise due to baroreceptor compensation
b. initial fall due to phsycial pressure in chest, rise due to venous compression and increased CO, fall due to baroreceptor stimulation
c. pressure rises due to restoration of CO agasint background of high TPR , stimulates BP and BP falls back to normal

Answer 23

c.pressure rises due to restoration of CO agasint background of high TPR , stimulates BP and BP falls back to normal

Question 24

where are the receptors monitoring blood volume as opposed to pressure located?

a. aortic arch and carotid sinus
b. walls of atria, entrance of svc and ivc , pulmonary veins
c. san and avn

Answer 24

b.walls of atria, entrance of svc and ivc , pulmonary veins

Question 25

if the blood volume receptors are stimulated by a rise in venous return what do they cause?

a. venodilation and a rise in BP
b. venoconstriction and a rise in BP
c. venoconstriction and a fall in BP
d. venodilation and a fall in BP

Answer 25

d.venodilation and a fall in BP

bainbridge, bezold jarisch reflex

Question 26

which hormones are indicated in long term BP maintenaince ?

a. adrenaline and noradrenaline
b. adrenaline and epinephrine
c. noradrenaline and epinephrine

Answer 26

a.adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 27

what is the role of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the heart and blood vessels?

a. vasodilators
b. vasoconstrictors

Answer 27

b. vasoconstrictors

although adr is a vasodilator in skeletal muscle

Question 28

what is the role of kinins in the heart and blood vessels?

a. vasoconstriction
b. vasodilation

Answer 28

b.vasodilation

Question 29

when blood volume increases which hormone causes natriuresis and inhibits vasoconstriction?

a. adrenaline
b. noradrenaline
c. epinephrine
d. kinins
e. atrial natriuretic peptide

Answer 29

e.atrial natriuretic peptide