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BCR 1 > Pathology - Pathophysiology of lung diseases > Flashcards

Pathology - Pathophysiology of lung diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what type of ventilatory defect is asthma?

a. obstructive
b. restrictive

A

a.obstructive

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2
Q

what part of the lung is hyper responsive to allergens in asthma?

a. bronchus
b. alveolus
c. trachea

A

a.bronchus

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3
Q

what cell type is increased in asthma?

a.neutrophil
b.monocyte
c,eosinophil
d.basophil

A

c,eosinophil

inflammation

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4
Q

what type of muscle constricts in asthma?

a. skeletal
b. cardiac
c. smooth

A

c.smooth

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5
Q

what is the effect of asthma on spirometry?

a. abnormal
b. no effect

A

a.abnormal

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6
Q

what is the correct equation for % predicted spirometry?

a. actual value/ predicted value x 100
b. predicted value / actual value x 100

A

a.actual value/ predicted value x 100

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7
Q

what is true for obstructive disease spirometry?

a. FEV1 increase, FVC decrease
b. FEV1 decrease, FVC decrease to lesser extent
c. FEV1 decrease, FVC increase

A

b.FEV1 decrease, FVC decrease to lesser extent

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8
Q

what is the main cause of COPD?

a. hypertension
b. atherscelrosis
c. smoking
d. obesity

A

c.smoking

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9
Q

true or false infections exacerbate the symptoms of COPD?

a. true
b. false

A

a.true

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10
Q

coarse crepitations and wheeze heard on auscultation what does this suggest?

a. restrictive defecct
b. obstructive defect
c. COPD

A

c.COPD

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11
Q

what type of fibres are destroyed in emphysema?

a. collagen
b. fibroelastic
c. elastin

A

c.elastin

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12
Q

which of these does not cause destruction of elastin fibres?

a. smoking
b. a1 anti trypsin deficiency
c. lung infection

A

c. lung infection

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13
Q

what happens to lung compliance in emphysema?

a. increase
b. decrease

A

a.increase

elastic recoil less so lungs can expand further

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14
Q

lung compliance

A

expandability

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15
Q

what happens to airway resistance in emphysema ?

a. decrease
b. no change
c. increase

A

c.increase

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16
Q

what happens to transfer factor in emphysema?

a. decrease
b. no change
c. increase

A

a.decrease

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17
Q

true or false emphysema leads to loss of alveoli?

a. true
b. false

A

a.true

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18
Q

what happens in the spirometry of emphysema?

a. FEV1 nad FVC both decrease
b. FEV1 decreases more than FVC
c. FVC decreases more than FEV1

A

b.FEV1 decreases more than FVC

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19
Q

what happens to FEV1:FVC ratio in obstructive?

a. increased
b. reduced
c. reduced <0.7

A

c.reduced <0.7

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20
Q

which of these is not a cause of increased pulmonary vascular resistance?

a. hypoxia
b. thrombo embolism
c. stroke
d. schistosomiasis

21
Q

what type of shunt leads to pulmonary hypertension when oxygenated blood from the heart goes back into the pulmonary veins?

a. left to right
b. right to left

A

a.left to right

22
Q

which of these causes a V/Q mismatch?

a. asthma
b. pulmonary hypertension
c. emphysema

A

b.pulmonary hypertension

23
Q

what does dyspnoea, syncope, cough,haemoptysis and an increased pulmonary second heart sound and right ventricular heave indicate?

a. asthma
b. pulmonary hypertension
c. emphysema

A

b.pulmonary hypertension

24
Q

which of these is heard in pulmonary hypertension?

a. wheeze and coarse crepitations
b. right ventricular heave, increased pulmonary second heart sounds

A

b. right ventricular heave, increased pulmonary second heart sounds

25
Q

what investigations should be done for pulmonary hypertension?

a. ecg and chest x ray
b. chest x ray and agiography
c. chest x ray, echocardiogram

A

c.chest x ray, echocardiogram

26
Q

pulmonary hypertension due to left to right shunt has what appearance on x ray?

a. organs pushed to opposite side
b. pleural effusion
c. distended aorta
d. distended central pulmonary arteries

A

d.distended central pulmonary arteries

27
Q

what fibre is increased in pulmonary fibrosis?

a. interstitial collagen
b. fibroelastic
c. elastic

A

a. interstitial collagen

28
Q

what happens to lung compliance in pulmonary fibrosis?

a. increase
b. decrease
c. no change

A

b.decrease

29
Q

in which obstructive lung disorder does increased interstitial collagen and alveolar wall inflammation lead to decreased gas transfer, V/Q mismatch and pulmonary hypertension?

a. asthma
b. pulmonary hypertension
c. emphysema
d. pulmonary fibrosis

A

d.pulmonary fibrosis

30
Q

what is the main cause of pulmonary fibrosis?

a. allergies
b. infective
c. toxic
d. CT disease

A

a.allergies

31
Q

patient has dyspnoea, excercise intolerance and dry cough. auscultation reveals fine inspiratory crepitations / which condition most likely?

a. asthma
b. emphysema
c. pulmonary hypertension
d. pulmonary fibrosis

A

d.pulmonary fibrosis

32
Q

what happens to transfer factor in pulmonary fibrosis?

a. oncrease
b. no change
c. decrease

A

c.decrease

33
Q

what type of defect is pulmonary fibrosis/

a. restrictive
b. obstructive

A

a.restrictive

34
Q

what investigations should be done when patient presents with dyspnoea, dry cough and fine inspiratory crepitations are heard on auscultation?

a. chest x ray and high resolution ct
b. chest x ray and angiogrpahy
c. spirometry and b2 reversible agonist

A

a.chest x ray and high resolution ct

35
Q

what is true for restrictive disease?

a. increased FEV1 and FVC
b. decreased FEV1, less decreased FVC
c. decreased FEV1 and FVC equally

A

c. decreased FEV1 and FVC equally

36
Q

how much do FEV1 and FVC need to be decreased for it to be significant

a. 7o%
b. >80%
c. >90%
d. 0.7

37
Q

how much do FEV1 :FVC ratio need to be decreased for it to be significant

a. 7o%
b. >80%
c. >90%
d. <0.7

38
Q

what happens to FEV1:FVC ratio in restrictive ventilatory defects?

a. increase
b. decrease
c. no change

A

c.no change

39
Q

increased interstitial markings most marked at the bases and a shaggy heart border is present in which lung condition?

a. asthma
b. emphysema
c. pulmonary hypertension
d. pulmonary fibrosis

A

d.pulmonary fibrosis

40
Q

bronchiectasis is focal distension of the bronchi >

a. 1mm
b. 2mm
c. 3mm
d. 4mm

41
Q

focal enlargment of bronchi due to bronchial wall inflammation, leading to outward traction by pulmonary parenchyma and a collapse in expiration and poor clearance of secretion is known as?

a. pulmonary fibrosis
b. emphysema
c. bronchiectasis

A

c.bronchiectasis

42
Q

recurrent infection is common to which of these lung defects?

a. asthma
b. emphysema
c. bronchiectasis

A

c. bronchiectasis

43
Q

what is the most common cause of bronchiectasis?

a. occupational
b. smoking
c. allergens
d. infection

A

d.infection

44
Q

infection,cystic fibrosis,cilliary dyskinesia and gamma globulin defficiency are causes of which lung defect?

a. asthma
b. emphysema
c. bronchiectasis
d. pulmonary fibrosis

A

c. bronchiectasis

45
Q

a cough with profuse mucopurulent sputum, occasional haemoptysis and rhonci,coarse crepitations and squawks heard on auscultation indicate which defect?

a. asthma
b. emphysema
c. bronchiectasis

A

c. bronchiectasis

46
Q

which of these sounds indicate bronchiectasis?

a. coarse crepitations and wheeze
b. rhonchi, coarse crepitations and squawks
c. fine inspiratory crackles

A

b.rhonchi, coarse crepitations and squawks

47
Q

what type of defect is bronchiectasis?

a. restrictive
b. obstructive

A

b.obstructive

48
Q

what test is done following cough with mucopurulent sputum, occasional haemoptysis and auscultation of rhonchi and squawks?

a.high resolution CT and x ray
b. x ray and angiography
c, chest x ray and echocardiogram
c,spirometry

A

a.high resolution CT and x ray

49
Q

cyclindrical, cystic and varicose veins shown on chest x ray of lungs which condition most likley?

a. pulmonary hypertension
b. bronchiectasis
c. pulmonary fibrosis
d. emphysema

A

b.bronchiectasis

BCR 1 (60 decks)

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