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BCR 1 > Anatomy - Practical 10 : Posterior mediastinum and review > Flashcards

Anatomy - Practical 10 : Posterior mediastinum and review Flashcards

1
Q

the descending thoracic aorta, azygous and hemiazygous veins, thoracicnduct, oesophagus,sympathetic trunk,intercostal vessels and vagus nerves are found in which part of the mediastinum?

a. superior
b. anterior
c. middle
d. posterior

A

d.posterior

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2
Q

where does the descending thoracicaorta run to from t4?

a. t8
b. t10
c. t12

A

c.t12

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3
Q

the descending thorcic aorta runs posterior to the oesophagus and the root of which lung?

a. right
b. left

A

c.left

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4
Q

what level does the descending aorta pass through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm?

a. t10
b. t12
c. t8
d. t9

A

b.t12

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5
Q

which artery is the costocervical trunk a branch of of?

a. internal thoracic
b. subclavian
c. intercostal

A

b.subclavian

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6
Q

which of these is not one of the anteriorly arising branches of the descending thoracic aorta

a. subcostal
b. oesophageal
c. mediastinal
d. pericardial

A

a.subcostal

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7
Q

the supreme intercostal branch gives which posterior intercostal arteries?

a. 1-2
b. 2-3
c. 3-11
d. 5-11

A

a. 1-2

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8
Q

the great anterior radiculomedullary artery supplies the spinal cord. which artery is this supplied by ?

a. bronchial artery
b. oesophageal
c. lower posterior intercostal artery
d. higher posterior intercostal artery

A

c. lower posterior intercostal artery

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9
Q

where do the superior phrenic vessels run?

a. alongside the aorta
b. anterior surface of the aorta
c. superior surface of diaphragm
d. medial surface of the diaphragm

A

c. superior surface of diaphragm

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10
Q

which vessel supplies the areolar tissues and lymph nodes?

a. pericardial
b. oesophageal
c. mediastinal

A

c.mediastinal

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11
Q

patient with an aortic aneurysm suffering with dysphagia. which organ most likely to be compressed?

a. l recurrent larangeal nerve
b. bronchus
c. oesophagus

A

c.oesophagus

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12
Q

which type of aneurysm is most common?

a. aortic root and ascending
b. aortic arch
c. abdominal aortic
d. descneding aorta

A

a.aortic root and ascending

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13
Q

whats the most significant of these risk factors for aneurysm?

a. athersclerosis
b. hypertension
c. trauma
d. connective tissue disorder eg marfans

A

a.athersclerosis

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14
Q

aortic dissection may be caused by aneurysm. dissection is a tear in which layer of the vessel?

a. TA
b. TI
c. TM

A

b.TI

blood into intima-media space , propagates tear and expands it

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15
Q

what pain does aortic dissection cause?

a. sudden, tearing chest pain
b. dull pain
c. tight pain

A

a. sudden, tearing chest pain

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16
Q

which system is used as drainage routes if the svc/ivc are obstructed?

a. azygous
b. brachiocephalic
c. left superior intercostal

A

a.azygous

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17
Q

which is most superior?

a. hemiazygous vein
b. accessory hemiazygous vein

A

b.accessory hemiazygous vein

t9

hemiazygous = t7

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18
Q

which vein crosses the vertebrae to join the azygous vein at t7 level?

a. hemiazygous
b. left superior intercostal
c. accessory hemiazygous vein

A

c.accessory hemiazygous vein

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19
Q

which vein crosses the vertebrae to join the azygous vein at t9 level?

a. hemiazygous
b. left superior intercostal
c. accessory hemiazygous vein

A

a.hemiazygous

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20
Q

which two veins make up the venous angles?

a. brachiocephalic and internal jugular
b. internal jugular and subclavian
c. common carotid and subclavian

A

b.internal jugular and subclavian

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21
Q

chyle (fat and lymph) from the intestine passes into the cisterna chyli this drains superiorly into the thoracic duct. at what level is this dilated sac found?

a. t4/5
b. t12
c. t7
d. t9
e. L1

A

e.L1

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22
Q

after running up through the aortic hiatus anterior to the vertebrae what does the thoracic duct run between before veering left to the left venous angle at the t4/5 level?

a. trachea and oesophgus
b. azygous vein and oesophagus
c. azygous vein and trachea

A

b.azygous vein and oesophagus

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23
Q

chylothorax (chyle in the pleural cavity) occurs following damage to which structure?

a. right lymphatic duct
b. thoracic duct
c. cisterna chyli

A

b.thoracic duct

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24
Q

true or false chylothorax is managed conservatively as it may spontaneously stop?

a. true
b. false

A

a.true

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25
Q

which of these cannot be caused by chylothorax?

a. lung collapse
b. hypovolaemia
c. immunosurpression
d. hypotension

A

d.hypotension

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26
Q

pyothorax refers to what substance in the pleural cavity?

a. pus
b. fluid containing fibrin and proteins
c. fluid low in fibrin and proteins
d. pleural fibrosis

A

a.pus

27
Q

serothorax refers to what substance in the pleural cavity?

a. pus
b. fluid containing fibrin and proteins
c. fluid low in fibrin and proteins
d. pleural fibrosis

A

b.fluid containing fibrin and proteins

28
Q

hydrothorax refers to what substance in the pleural cavity?

a. pus
b. fluid containing fibrin and proteins
c. fluid low in fibrin and proteins
d. pleural fibrosis

A

c.fluid low in fibrin and proteins

29
Q

fibrothorax refers to what substance in the pleural cavity?

a. pus
b. fluid containing fibrin and proteins
c. fluid low in fibrin and proteins
d. pleural fibrosis

A

d.pleural fibrosis

30
Q

which of these medications can cause chylothorax?

a. nsaids
b. anticoagulants
c. b blockers
d. arbs

A

b.anticoagulants

31
Q

the oesophagus runs posterior to the trachea, pericardium and …

a. right atrium
b. right ventricle
c. left atrium
d. left ventricles

A

c.left atrium

32
Q

the vagus nerve and nerves from the sympathetic trunk make up which plexus?

a. brachial
b. tracheal
c. oesophageal

A

c.oesophageal

33
Q

the anterior and posterior vagal trunks pass through which the osophageal hiatus at which level?

a. t7
b. t9
c. t10
d. t12

A

c.t10

34
Q

how is dysphagia investigated?

a. angiogram
b. x ray
c. ct and barium swallow
d. fluroscopy and barium swallow

A

d.fluroscopy and barium swallow

35
Q

which of these structures does not leave the nearby oesophagus at risk of compression?

a. aortic arch
b. azygous vein
c. left main bronchus
d. left atrium
e. oesophageal hiatus

A

b.azygous vein

36
Q

impaired opening of the lower osophageal sphincter is known as..

a. osophageal webs
b. diverticula
c. achalasia
d. hiatal hernia

A

c.achalasia

37
Q

bulging weakened areas of oesophageal wall is known as..

a. oesophageal webs
b. diverticula
c. achalasia
d. hiatal hernia

A

b.diverticula

38
Q

the trachea develops as an outgrowth from the developing foregut, a septum divides it from the oesophagus. Abnormal septum development can cause an abnormally closed passage. this is known as…

a. atresia
b. fistula

A

a.atresia

39
Q

the trachea develops as an outgrowth from the developing foregut, a septum divides it from the oesophagus. Abnormal septum development can cause an abnormal connection between the oesophagus and trachea, this is known as ….

a. atresia
b. fistula

A

b.fistula

40
Q

which type of nerves only originate from the t1-L2 spinal nerves?

a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic
c. autonomic
d. motor

A

a.sympathetic

41
Q

nerves leave t1-l2 ventral rami and join the chain of paravertebral sympathetic ganglia at which type of rami communicans?

a. white rami communicans
b. gray rami communicans

A

a.white rami communicans

42
Q

nerves leave the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia and join a spinal nerve at which type of rami communicans?

a. white rami communicans
b. gray rami communicans

A

b.gray rami communicans

43
Q

which of these structures is myelinated?

a. gray ramus communicans
b. white ramus communicans

A

b.white ramus communicans

44
Q

which rami are found only at t1-l2 levels

a. white rami communicans
b. gray rami communicans

A

b.gray rami communicans

45
Q

there is a pair of ganglia along the sympathetic chain at every spinal level except?

a. thoracic
b. lumbar
c. cervical

A

c.cervical

only 3 paired, superior, middle , inferior due to fusion of original 8

46
Q

where is the ganglion impar found, fused with its counterpart in the midline?

a. most inferior
b. most superior
c. most lateral
d. most medial

A

a.most inferior

47
Q

what is a collection of nerve cell bodies known as?

a. plexus
b. rami
c. ganglion

A

c.ganglion

48
Q

how many neurons are involved in sympathetic pathways`/

a. 2
b. 3
c. 4

A

a.2

49
Q

how do sympathetics to body walls/limbs reach targets

a. synapse in paravertebral sympathetic ganglia chain and rejoin spinal nerve to reach targets
b. travel via spalnchnic nerves which branch directly from the sympathetic chain

A

a.synapse in paravertebral sympathetic ganglia chain and rejoin spinal nerve to reach targets

50
Q

how do sympathetics to head/neck/internal organs

a. synapse in paravertebral sympathetic ganglia chain and rejoin spinal nerve to reach targets
b. travel via spalnchnic nerves which branch directly from the sympathetic nerves

A

b.travel via spalnchnic nerves which branch directly from the sympathetic nerves

51
Q

pain in the heart is referred to which dermatomes via the cardiopulmonary sympathetics?

a. t1-t3
b. t1-t4/5
c. t3,t4.t5

A

b.t1-t4/5

52
Q

cephalic and thoracic sphlancnics synapse where?

a. paravertebral chain of ganglia
b. prevertebral ganglia anterior to the vertebrae in the abdomen

A

a.paravertebral chain of ganglia

53
Q

abdominal and pelvic sphlancnics synapse where?

a. paravertebral chain of ganglia
b. prevertebral ganglia anterior to the vertebrae in the abdomen

A

b.prevertebral ganglia anterior to the vertebrae in the abdomen

54
Q

what are the 3 types of splanchnic nerve?

a. middle, anterior, posterior
b. greater , lesser, least
c. great, middle, lesser

A

b.greater , lesser, least

55
Q

at what level does the greater splanchnic nerve branch off in the posterior mediastinum before descending into the abdomen?

a. t5-t9
b. t10-11
c. t12

A

a.t5-t9

56
Q

at what level does the lesser splanchnic nerve branch off in the posterior mediastinum before descending into the abdomen?

a. t5-t9
b. t10-11
c. t12

A

b.t10-11

57
Q

at what level does the least splanchnic nerve branch off in the posterior mediastinum before descending into the abdomen?

a. t5-t9
b. t10-11
c. t12

A

c.t12

58
Q

nerves carrying pain signals travel with which nerve type?

a. parasympathetic
b. somatic
c. sympathetic

A

c.sympathetic

59
Q

nerves carrying sensory info relevant for reflexes travel with which nerve type?

a. parasympathetic
b. somatic
c. sympathetic

A

a.parasympathetic

60
Q

what plexus may be compressed by a pancoast tumour

a. oesophageal
b. brachial

A

b.brachial

61
Q

what sympathetics chain may be compressed by a pancoast tumour?

a. t1
b. t2
c. t3

A

a.t1

62
Q

Horners syndrome - miosis, ptosis and anhidrosis is seen when which structure is compressed?

a. brachial plexus
b. upper t1 sympthetics
c. lower l2 sympathetics

A

b.upper t1 sympthetics

63
Q

shoulder pain and upper limb weakness is seen when which structure is constricted?

a. brachial plexus
b. t1 upper sympathetic chain

A

a.brachial plexus

BCR 1 (60 decks)

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