Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BCR 1 > Pathology - Left ventricular dysfunction and failure > Flashcards

Pathology - Left ventricular dysfunction and failure Flashcards

1
Q

the volume of blood pumped around the body in 1 minute is known as

a. stroke volume
b. heart rate
c. cardiac output
d. ejection fraction
e. afterload

A

c.cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cardiac stretch and inotropic status determine..

a. stroke volume
b. cardiac output
c. heart rate

A

a.stroke volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

end diastolic - systolic volume / end diastolic volume x 100 gives which value?

a. cardiac output
b. ejection fraction
c. stroke vol
d. left ventricular ejection fraction

A

d. left ventricular ejection fraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

arterial pressure/ peripheral resistance gives

a. stroke vol
b. cardiac output
c. ventricular ejection fraction

A

b. cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

a reduction in the hearts ability to pump enough blood to support physiological circulation is known as?

a. heart failure
b. left ventricular dysfunction
c. embolism
d. aneurysm

A

a.heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

HF-REF is the most common type of heart failure it refers to what type of failure ?

a. diastolic failure of the right ventricle
b. systolic failure of the left ventricle
c. diastolic failure of the left ventricle
d. systolic failure of the right ventricle

A

b.systolic failure of the left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is reduced in HF-REF?

a. preload
b. afterload
c. ejection fraction
d. heart rate

A

c.ejection fraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

BP / CO is threatened in HF-REF in order to overcome this compensatory mechanisms are activated

a. true
b. false

A

a.true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

in order to increase cardiac output in HF-REF what happens to HR and SV?

a. both increase
b. heart rate increase, stroke vol decrease
c. both decrease

A

a.both increase

but so do cardiac work and o2 demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the correct equation for blood pressure?

a. SV x HR
b. CO x PVR
c. CO/ PVR

A

b. CO x PVR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

failure to provide adequate perfusion to tissues resulting in hypoxia/tachycardia is known as

a. forward failure
b. backward failure

A

a.forward failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pressure increase in the cardiac chambers resulting in alterations to vascular haemodynamics is known as..

a. forward failure
b. backward failure

A

b.backward failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

tachycardia occurs as a result of which type of failure?

a. forward failure
b. backward failure

A

a.forward failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

oedema occurs as a result of which type of failure ?

a. forward
b. backward

A

b.backward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

according to the neurohormonal hypothesis what happens to the firing rate of baroreceptors in heart failure?

a. increase
b. decrease
c. no change

A

b.decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

according to the neurohormonal hypothesis what happens to the sympathetic outflow from the CNS vasomotor centre in heart failure?

a. increase
b. decrease
c. no change

A

a.increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what effect does the initial sympathetic activation by baroreceptors in heart failure have on heart rate, blood pressure ?

a. increase, increase
b. increase, decrease
c. decrease,decrease

A

a.increase, increase

bp increased by RAAS activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which of these happens as a result of persistent sympathetic activation in HF?

a. heart muscle cell atrophy
b. heart muscle cell dystrophy
c. heart muscle cell hypertrophy

A

c. heart muscle cell hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hypertrophy, apoptosis, necrosis, fibrosis and synthesis of ECM scar tissue happen as a result of what response to HF?

a. increased parasympathetic activation
b. RAAS deactivation
c. increased sympathetic activation

A

c.increased sympathetic activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

true or false persistent sympathetic activation leads to increased contractile dysfunction , arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death

a. true
b. false

A

a.true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

levels of which substance predict symptomatic HF and subsequent mortality?

a. adrenaline
b. noradrenaline
c. choline

A

b.noradrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which of these factors doe not cause increased renin release?

a. ischaemia
b. renal hypoperfusion
c. decrease blood presure
d. renal hyperperfusion

A

d.renal hyperperfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

which of these does not give evidence of systolic dysfunction?

a.ECG
b, brain natiuretic peptide
c. angiography
d. echocardiogram

A

c. angiography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

tachycardia , displaced apex beat , gallop rhythm and crepitations are signs of which type of heart failure ?

a. left sided
b. right sided

A

a. left sided

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
gallop rhythm involves which extra heart sounds? a. s1,s2 b. s2,s3 c. s3,s4 d. s4,s5
c.s3,s4
26
pleural effusion, ankle oedema, enlarged liver and ascites indicate which type of heart failure? a. left sided b. right sided
b.right sided
27
what happens to lung compliance in left ventricular failure a. increase b. decrease
b.decrease
28
bilateral basal crackles and central cyanosis are signs of which type of heart failure? a. left ventricular b. right ventricular
a.left ventricular
29
patient has dyspnoea and orthopnea, on investiagtion you hear bilateral basal crackles and see central cyanosis. what type of heart failure does this indicate? a. right ventricular b. left ventricular
b.left ventricular
30
patient has an elevated JVP,ankle oedema, ascites and tender hepatomegaly. which type of heart failure is this associated with? a. left ventricular b. right ventricular
b.right ventricular | all caused by an increased systemic venous pressure
31
which of these symptoms of left ventricular failure is associated with the decreased cardiac output? a. central cyanosis b. dyspnoea c. orthopnea d. bilateral basal crackles e. peripheral cyanosis
e.peripheral cyanosis
32
which of these dymptoms of right ventricular failure is associated with a decreased cardiac output? a. hypotension b. elevated jvp c. ankle oedema d. tender hepatomegaly e. ascites
a. hypotension
33
which of these symptoms is caused by ventricular hypertrophy? a. displaced apex beat b. tachycardia c. oedema d. peripheral cyanosis e. central cyanosis
a.displaced apex beat
34
which of these symptoms indicates sympathetic compensation for heart failure? a. bradycardia b. tachycardia c. displaced apex beat d. hypotension e. increased jvp
b.tachycardia
35
an ECG done on a patient with symptoms of heart failure (hypotenion,fatigue,peripheral cyanosis, ankle oedema) comes back normal what does this indicate? a. virtual exclusion of RV heart failure b. virtual exclusion of heart failure c. virtual exclusion of LV dysfunction d. virtual exclusion of LV heart failure
c. virtual exclusion of LV dysfunction
36
what does echocardiography aim to assess? a. diastolic volume b. systolic function c. right ventricular function d. diastolic function
b.systolic function | in order to classify and grade
37
what is estimated from and echogardiograph? a. cardiac output b. stroke volume c. heart rate d. LVEF
d. LVEF
38
the cause of impairment to which ventricle is assessed by echocardiography`? a. right b. left
b.left
39
in left sided heart failure what happens to left ventricular ejection fraction? a. increase b. decrease c. no change
b.decrease LVEF = End diastolic volume –end systolic volume / End diastolic volume
40
what is released from thee left ventricle with increased myocyte stretch? a. noradrenaline b. adrenaline c. choline d. renin e. BNP
e.BNP
41
which of these leads to ventricular dysfunction? a. myocyte stretch b. myocyte hypoxia c. reduced coronary blood flow
c.reduced coronary blood flow
42
which enzyme metabolises BNP? a. phosphodiesterase b. neutral endopeptidase c. cox 1 d. cox 2 e. guanylate cyclase
b.neutral endopeptidase
43
what effect does BNP have on blood pressure? a. increase b. decrease
b.decrease
44
what effect does BP have on natiuresis and diuresis? a. increases both b. inhibits both c. increases natriuresis decreases diuresis
a.increases both sodium and water excretion
45
patient shows symptoms of HF on clinical examination , has no previous history of MI. what is the most appropriate course of action? a. measure serum natriuretic peptides b. specialist assessment and echocardiography within 2 weeks
a. measure serum natriuretic peptides
46
patient shows symptoms of HF on clinical examination , has previous history of MI. what is the most appropriate course of action? a. measure serum natriuretic peptides b. specialist assessment and echocardiography within 2 weeks
b. specialist assessment and echocardiography within 2 weeks
47
patient shows symptoms of HF on clinical examination , has previous history of MI. angiography shows no clear abnormality. what is the most appropriate course of action? a. measure serum natriuretic peptides b. assess severity , aetiology, type of dysfunction and correctable causes c. investigate other diagnoses
a. measure serum natriuretic peptides
48
patient shows symptoms of HF on clinical examination , has previous history of MI. angiography shows clear abnormality. what is the most appropriate course of action? a. measure serum natriuretic peptides b. assess severity , aetiology, type of dysfunction and correctable causes c. investigate other diagnoses
b. assess severity , aetiology, type of dysfunction and correctable causes
49
patient shows symptoms of HF on clinical examination , has no previous history of MI. serum natriuretic peptide is raised . what is the most appropriate course of action? a. specialist assessment and echocardiography in 2 weeks b. assess severity , aetiology, type of dysfunction and correctable causes c. investigate other diagnoses d. specialist assessment and echocardiography in 6 weeks
d.specialist assessment and echocardiography in 6 weeks
50
patient shows symptoms of HF on clinical examination , has no previous history of MI. serum natriuretic peptide is high . what is the most appropriate course of action? a. specialist assessment and echocardiography in 2 weeks b. assess severity , aetiology, type of dysfunction and correctable causes c. investigate other diagnoses d. specialist assessment and echocardiography in 6 weeks
a. specialist assessment and echocardiography in 2 weeks
51
patient shows symptoms of HF on clinical examination , has no previous history of MI. serum natriuretic peptide is normal . what is the most appropriate course of action? a. specialist assessment and echocardiography in 2 weeks b. assess severity , aetiology, type of dysfunction and correctable causes c. investigate other diagnoses d. specialist assessment and echocardiography in 6 weeks
c.investigate other diagnoses
52
patient shows symptoms of HF on clinical examination , has previous history of MI. angiography is normal serum natriuretic peptide is raised . what is the most appropriate course of action? a. specialist assessment and echocardiography in 2 weeks b. assess severity , aetiology, type of dysfunction and correctable causes c. investigate other diagnoses d. specialist assessment and echocardiography in 6 weeks
c.investigate other diagnoses
53
patient shows symptoms of HF on clinical examination , has previous history of MI. angiography is normal serum natriuretic peptide is raised . after investigation of other diagnoses heart failure is confirmed. which of these diagnoses is most what is the most likely? a. other cardiac abnormality b. heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction c. heart failure with preserved ejection fraction d. heart failure unlikely
c.heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
54
patient shows symptoms of HF on clinical examination , has previous history of MI. angiography is normal serum natriuretic peptide is normal . which of these diagnoses is most what is the most likely? a. other cardiac abnormality b. heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction c. heart failure with preserved ejection fraction d. heart failure unlikely
d. heart failure unlikely
55
patient shows symptoms of HF on clinical examination , has previous history of MI. angiography shows abnormality consistent with HF . which of these diagnoses is most what is the most likely? a. other cardiac abnormality b. heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction c. heart failure with preserved ejection fraction d. heart failure unlikely
a. other cardiac abnormality | b. heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction
56
which of these reduces venous congestion and vasonconstriction so reduces preload and afterload ? a. ACEi b. ARBs c. nitrates d. diuretics
a.ACEi
57
how do Diuretics reduce HF symptoms? a,reduce afterload b.reduce preload
b.reduce preload reduce venous congenstion
58
how do A2 receptor blockers reduce HF symptoms? a,reduce afterload b.reduce preload
b.reduce preload | reduce venous congestion
59
how do mileralocorticoid receptor anatgonists reduce HF symptoms? a,reduce afterload b.reduce preload
b.reduce preload
60
how do ARBs reduce HF symptoms? a,reduce afterload b.reduce preload
a,reduce afterload reduce vasoconstriction
61
how do nitrates reduce HF symptoms? a,reduce afterload b.reduce preload
a,reduce afterload
62
what is reduced by reducing sympathetic NS stimulation? a. preload b. afterload
b.afterload
63
what is the major effect of reducing sympathetic NS activation? a. remodelling attenuated b. afterload reduction c. angina/ischaemia reduction d. arrhythmias reduced e. reduced heart rate
d.arrhythmias reduced
64
what drugs are used to reduce HF hospitalisation in patients with diabetes ? a. ARNis b. SGLT2 inhibitors c. ACEi d. diuretics
b.SGLT2 inhibitors
65
inhibition of the SGLT2i inhibitor has what effect on urinary Na+ and glucose excretion? a. decrease b. increase
b.increase
66
patient with HF-REF what is recommended drug? a. BB c. ARNi d. ACEi e. MRA
d. ACEi
67
patient with stable HF-REF what is recommended drug? a. BB c. ARNi d. ACEi e. MRA
a.BB
68
which of these is not a common cause of systolic dysfunction? a. MI b. hypotension c. hypertension
b.hypotension

BCR 1 (60 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions