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Clin Path > P38 - Enzymes > Flashcards

P38 - Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

enzymes are ____ that catalyze chemical reactions

A
  • proteins
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2
Q

serum enzyme activity can increase due to:

  • rate entering plasma ___ rate leaving plasma
  • ______ release from damaged cells
  • ______ production by cells
  • ______ removal of enzymes from plasma
A
  • >
  • increase
  • increase
  • decrease
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3
Q

which enzymes (cytoplasmic, mitochondrial, membrane) increase in release when cell is damaged (2)

A
  • cytoplasmic

- mitochondrial

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4
Q

which enzymes ( cytoplasmic, mitochondrial, membrane) increase in when there is an increase in production by the cell (2)

A
  • membrane

- cytoplasmic

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5
Q

decrease enzyme activity is of ___ importance

A
  • no diagnostic
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6
Q

Alanine transaminase (ALT) is a maker of ____ damage in dogs and cats and is considered a ____ enzyme

A
  • hepatocyte

- cytoplasmic

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7
Q

why is ALT not used as a measurement in horses and cattle

A
  • too little ALT in their hepatocytes
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8
Q

T/F: ALT also increases due to muscle damage

A
  • false - only is extreme damage occurs
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9
Q

what damages hepatocytes (DAMNIT)

A
  • degenerative, developmental
  • autoimmune, allergic, anomaly, atrophy
  • metabolic, mechanical
  • nutritional, neoplastic
  • inflammatory, infectious, inherited, immunologic, iatrogenic, induction, idiopathic
  • toxic, traumatic, therapeutic
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10
Q

pathogenesis of damage to hepatocytes (increasing ATL activity)

A
  • release of ALT by blebbing or necrosis -> ALT enters plasma (via sinusoids or lymph) -> increase ALT activity in plasma
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11
Q

aspartate transaminase (AST) is a marker of ____ damage in horses and cattle and considered a ___ and ____ enzyme

A
  • hepatocyte

- cytoplasmic and mitochondrial

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12
Q

T/F: AST also increases due to muscle damage

A
  • true
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13
Q

pathogenesis of damage to hepatocytes (increasing AST activity)

A
  • release of AST by blebbing or necrosis -> AST enters plasma (via sinusoids or lymph) -> increase AST activity in plasma (serum)
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14
Q

pathogenesis of damage to muscle fibers (increasing AST activity)

A
  • release of AST by blebbing or necrosis -> AST enters plasma via lymph -> increase AST activity in plasma (serum)
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15
Q

pathogenesis of in vitro damage to erythrocytes (trauma, temperature) increasing AST activity

A
  • hemolysis release AST -> AST enters plasma -> increase AST activity in plasma (serum)
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16
Q

lactate dehydrogenase (LD) (LDH) is a marker of ____ damage and considered a ____ enzyme

A
  • hepatocyte

- cytoplasmic

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17
Q

which enzyme is better at marking hepatocyte damage: ALT, AST, LDH

A
  • ALT and AST are better than LDH
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18
Q

iditol dehydrogenase (ID) is a marker of _____ damage in horses and cattle (very tissue specific) and considered a ____ enzyme

A
  • hepatocyte

- cytoplasmic

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19
Q

glutamate dehydrogenase (GMD) is a maker of _____ damage, considered a ____ enzyme and can be inducted by _____ in dogs

A
  • hepatocyte
  • mitochondrial
  • phenobarbitone
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20
Q

what other tissues can increase GMD if severely damaged (3)

A
  • kidney
  • intestine
  • muscle
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21
Q

hyperthyroidism in cats can be measured by what enzyme

A
  • alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
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22
Q

what are the membrane isoformes of ALP (5)

A
  • TN-ALP (tissue nonspecific)
  • L-ALP (liver)
  • C-ALP (corticosteroids)
  • I-ALP (intestinal)
  • B-ALP (bone)
23
Q

L-ALP is a marker of _____ (not specific) and induced by ____, ______, and ______

A
  • cholestasis
  • bile acids
  • glucocorticoids
  • phenobarbital
24
Q

pathogenesis of increase L-ALP due to cholestasis (intra or post hepatic)

A
  • decrease excretion of bile acids via bile -> increase bile acids in hepatocytes and plasma -> increase production (induction) and release of L-ALP
25
Q

in what species is L-ALP have a high diagnostic sensitivity and therefore usually icteric (before or after) increase ALP

A
  • dogs

- usually increase ALP before icterus

26
Q

in what species is L-ALP have very low diagnostic sensitivity and therefore usually icteric (before or after) increase ALP

A
  • cats and horses

- usually icteric before increase in ALP

27
Q

increase in C-ALP is induced by _____ and damage of ____

A
  • glucocorticoids

- hepatocytes

28
Q

increase endogenous or exogenous corticosteroids (glucocorticoids) pathogenesis of increasing C-ALP activity (3 ways)

A
  • increase production (induction) and release of L-ALP
  • creates steroid hepatopathy with hepatocyte swelling -> impaired bile flow in canaliculi (cholestasis)
  • increase production and release of unique C-ALP
29
Q

B-ALP is a maker of ____ activity

A
  • osteoblasts
30
Q

pathogenesis of increase B-ALP due to increase stimulus for bone growth (deposition)

A
  • increase production and release B-ALP by osteoblasts
31
Q

what is an inducer of osteoblasts

A
  • PTH and osteoclasts
32
Q

Y-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is a marker of _____ and/or ____ hyperplasia and is a ____ enzyme

A
  • cholestasis
  • biliary
  • membrane
33
Q

increase urinary GGT excretion is a maker of ____ damage

A
  • tubular
34
Q

T/F: GGT can also increase due to steroids and phenobarbital

A
  • true
35
Q

pathogenesis of increase GGT due to cholestasis (intrahepatic or posthepatic)

A
  • increase production (induction) and release of GGT
36
Q

in what species is GGT diagnostic sensitivity similar to ALP

A
  • cats and dogs
37
Q

increase ALP:GGT ration is more likely _____ than other liver diseases

A
  • lipidosis
38
Q

in what species is GGT diagnostic sensitivity better than ALP

A
  • horses and cattle
39
Q

in what post-suckling young animals is GGT highly and slightly increased

A
  • highly - calves and puppies

- slightly - foals

40
Q

creatine kinase (CK) is a marker of ____ damage and a ____ enzyme

A
  • muscle (cardiac or skeletal)

- cytoplasmic

41
Q

what can cause a false increase in CK levels

A
  • hemolyzed samples
42
Q

pathogenesis of muscle damage causing increase in CK

A
  • muscle damage of myositis, rhabdomyolysis, trauma, IM injections -> release of CK -> CK enters plasma lymph -> increase CK activity in plasma
43
Q

CK is a good indicator of muscle damage in what species

A
  • all
44
Q

what is increased in anorectic cats with nasoesophageal tubes

A
  • CK
45
Q

amylase (AMS) is a marker of ____ damage and a ____ enzyme

A
  • pancreatic acinar cell - mainly in dogs

- cytoplasmic

46
Q

pathogenesis of pancreatic acinar cell damage causing increase in AMS

A
  • pancreatic acinar cell damage (pancreatitis, neoplasm) -> release of AMS -> AMS enters plasma lymph -> increase activity in plasma
47
Q

pathogenesis of decrease GFR due to prerenal, renal or postrenal mechanisms causing increase in AMS

A
  • decrease inactivation and/or excretion of AMS by kidneys -> increase AMS 1/2 life in plasma -> increase AMS in plasma
48
Q

lipase (LPS) is a marker of ____ damge and a ____ enzyme

A
  • pancreatic acinar cell - mainly in dogs

- cytoplasmic

49
Q

pathogenesis causing increase in LPS (2)

A
  • pancreatic acinar cell damage (pancreatitis, neoplasm)

- decrease GFR due to prerenal, renal or postrenal mechanisms

50
Q

1/2 life of serum enzymes that last days

A
  • ATL & ALP - dogs

- AST & GGT - horses

51
Q

1/2 life of serum enzymes that last for hours

A
  • ALP - cats

- AMS, LPS, CK, ID, LD, GMD - cattle

52
Q

common liver enzymes of dogs

A
  • ALT & ALP
53
Q

common liver enzymes of horses

A

-AST & GGT

54
Q

enzymes are markers or indicators of ____ processes

A
  • pathologic

Clin Path (43 decks)

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