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Clin Path > P29 - Proteins > Flashcards

P29 - Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

proteins are made by what (2)

A
  • liver

- lymphatics

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2
Q

albumin is about what % of total proteins

A
  • 50%
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3
Q

how are globulins calculated

A
  • total proteins minus albumin %
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4
Q

why would total protein be higher in plasma than in serum

A
  • because of fibrinogen -> fibrin
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5
Q

changes in [total protein] are usually due to changes in what

A
  • albumin and 1 or more of the globulin concentrations
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6
Q

what plasma protein plays a major role in oncotic pressure

what is it’s trend

A
  • albumin

- as albumin increases -> oncotic pressure increases

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7
Q

takes longer for hypoalbuminemia to develop when albumin production decreases in what species

A
  • horses

- 1/2 life is 3 weeks

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8
Q

type of proteins that change in production soon after onset of inflammation

A
  • acute-phase
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9
Q

plasma proteins that increase production within hours of onset of inflammation

A
  • positive acute-phase proteins
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10
Q

examples of positive acute phase proteins (2)

A
  • fibrinogen

- haptoglobin

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11
Q

plasma proteins that decrease production within hours to weeks of onset of inflammation

A
  • negative acute-phase proteins
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12
Q

examples of negative acute phase proteins (2)

A
  • transferrin

- albumin

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13
Q

delayed-response proteins

A
  • immunoglobulins (produced by lymphocytes)

- changes in concentrations occurs 1-3 weeks after inflammation

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14
Q

interferences for [TP] of refractometry (5)

A
  • increase [glucose]
  • increase [urea]
  • increase [Na and Cl]
  • lipemia
  • excess EDTA in blood (short samples)
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15
Q

what does not interfere with [TP] for refractometry

A
  • bilirubin
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16
Q

Bromocresol green (BCG) for [albumin] will sometimes bind

A
  • globulins
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17
Q

diseases and conditions of hyperfibrinogenemia (3)

A
  • increased fibrinogen production
  • inflammation
  • hemoconcentration (dehydration)
18
Q

disease and conditions of hypofibrinogenemia (7)

A
  • increased fibrinogen consumption
  • intravascular coagulation
  • increased fibrinogenolysis
  • decreased synthesis of fibrinogen
  • hepatic insufficiency
  • afibringoenemia
  • DIC
19
Q

dysproteinemia

A
  • abnormal protein concentration
20
Q

what proteins are affected in nonselective dysproteinemia

A
  • all proteins
21
Q

what proteins are affected in selective dysproteinemia

A
  • some affected, some not
22
Q

dehydration protein trend

A
  • increase concentration of all proteins -> increase [TP]
23
Q

hemodilution protein trend

A
  • decrease concentration of all proteins -> decrease [TP]
24
Q

chronic inflammation protein trend

A
  • decrease [albumin]

- increase [globulins]

25
Q

protein-losing nephropathy protein trend

A
  • decrease [albumin]

- not all globulin concentrations decreased

26
Q

hyperproteinemia caused by 3 things

A
  • dehydration
  • inflammation
  • B-lymphocyte neoplasm
27
Q

pathogenesis of dehydration causing hyperproteinemia

A
  • decreased plasma water
  • increase concentration of all plasma proteins
  • hemoconcentration
28
Q

inflammation acute phase response

A
  • mild increase [TP]

- increase globulins (positive acute-phase proteins)

29
Q

inflammation delayed phase response

A
  • mild to marked increase [TP]
  • increase [TP] with increase globulins and decreased albumin
  • polyclonal gammopathy
30
Q

b-lymphocyte neoplasm

A
  • decreased albumin
  • produce Ig
  • monoclonal (narrow-based region)
31
Q

hypoproteinemia caused by 2 basic mechanisms

A
  • increase protein loss from vessels

- decreased protein production by liver

32
Q

diseases and conditions that cause increase protein loss from vascular space (5)

A
  • blood loss
  • protein-losing nephropathy
  • protein-losing enteropathy
  • protein-losing dermatopathy (burn patient)
  • extravasation of plasma proteins (2nd or 3rd space)
33
Q

diseases and conditions that cause decreased protein synthesis (3)

A
  • hepatic insufficiency
  • malabsorption of maldigestion
  • cachectic states (neoplasia, chronic disease)
34
Q

pathogenesis of blood loss causing increased protein loss

A
  • decrease blood volume
  • > H2O shifts from extravascular to intravascular space
  • > hemodilution -> hypoproteinemia & anemia
35
Q

protein-losing nephropathy causing increased protein loss

A
  • albumin and smaller globulins pass through porous glomeruli (larger remain in plasma)
  • > proteinuria
  • > hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia (selective)
36
Q

protein-losing enteropathy causing increased protein loss

A
  • increase rate of proteins entering intestine & not resorbed (albumin & most globulins)
  • > hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia & decreased [globulins] (nonselective)
37
Q

protein-losing dermatopathy (burn patient) causing increased protein loss

A
  • plasma proteins oozing out of blood vessels (albumin & globulins)
  • > hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia & decreased [globulins] (nonselective)
38
Q

later protein-losing dermatopathy (burn patient) will lead to

A
  • increased globulins and inflammatory dysproteinemia
39
Q

extravasation of plasma proteins (2nd or 3rd space) causing increased protein loss

A
  • plasma oozes out of blood vessels (albumin & globulins)
  • > H2O enters ECF to dilute proteins
  • > hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia & decreased [globulins] (nonselective)
40
Q

hepatic insufficiency causing decreased production of protein production

A
  • decrease production of albumin & most globulins
  • hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia (selective)
  • gamma- globulins not decreased - but total may be
41
Q

malabsorption of maldigestion decreased production of protein production

A
  • decrease intake of nutrients (eating but starving)
  • too few amino acids for protein production
  • hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia & decreased globulins (nonselective)
42
Q

cachectic states (malignancies, chronic disease) decreased production of protein production

A
  • decrease intake of nutrients (anorexia)
  • decrease protein production
    or
  • increased protein degradation exceeds production
  • hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia & decreased [globulins] (nonselective)

Clin Path (43 decks)

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