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Clin Path > P35 - Electrolytes > Flashcards

P35 - Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Cl follows ___ and is exchanged for ____

A
  • Na

- HCO3

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2
Q

[HCO3] = [total ___ content]

A
  • CO2
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3
Q

metabolic alkalosis - ______ HCO3 associated with ___ loss or ____ production

A
  • increase
  • H
  • HCO3
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4
Q

metabolic acidosis - ____ HCO3 associated with too much ___ and ___ loss

A
  • decrease
  • H
  • HCO3
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5
Q

extracellular fluid spaces (1, 2, 3)

A

1 - intravascular, in vessels
2 - interstitial, outside vessels
3 - cavities, in peritoneal or pleural cavities

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6
Q

serum [Na] and [Cl] controlled by regulation of (2)

A
  • regulation of blood volume

- regulation of plasma osmolality

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7
Q

decrease blood volume stimulates (3) hormones

A
  • increase RAAS -> increase Na & Cl retention
  • increase ADH -> increase H2O retention
  • decrease ANP -> decrease Na & Cl excretion
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8
Q

increase plasma osmolality stimulates (2) hormones

A
  • increase ADH -> increase H2O retention

- thirst centers -> increase H2O intake

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9
Q

hypernatremic dehydration is caused by

A
  • pure H2O loss
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10
Q

normonatremic dehydration is caused by

A
  • Na & Cl loss with H2O loss
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11
Q

hyponatremic dehydration is caused by

A
  • Na & Cl loss with H2O loss, then drinking water
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12
Q

major mechanisms for hypernatremia & increase Cl (2)

A
  • decrease H2O (dehydrated)

- increase Na & Cl

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13
Q

major mechanisms for hyponatremic and decrease Cl (5)

A
  • edematous (H2O retention > Na&Cl retention)
  • dehydrated (Na&Cl loss > H2O loss)
  • hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s)
  • marked hyponatremia (loop of Henle failure)
  • renal Na loss with anions
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14
Q

how does hypoadrenocorticism cause hyponatremic and decrease Cl

A
  • decrease aldosterone production -> loss of Na & Cl
  • decrease cortisol production -> decrease inhibition of ADH release -> increase ADH -> increase H2O retention -> dilutes Na&Cl -> decrease Na&Cl concentration
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15
Q

how can uroperitoneum cause hyponatremic and decrease Cl

A
  • Na&Cl poor urine enters peritoneal cavity -> plasma Na&Cl diffuse into peritoneal cavity and move down concentration gradient -> decrease Na&Cl concentration
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16
Q

how does marked hyperglycemia cause hyponatremic and decrease Cl

A
  • H2O out of cells -> dilutes ECF [Na] & [Cl] -> decrease Na&Cl concentration
  • glucosuria -> diuresis (polyuria) -> increase renal H2O loss and some Na&Cl loss
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17
Q

bicarbonate (HCO3) concentration needs to be an anaerobic or aerobic sample

A
  • anaerobic
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18
Q

aerobic handling of sample, increase [PO4] causes metabolic acidosis or alkalosis

A
  • acidosis
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19
Q

vomiting and abomasal disorders cause metabolic acidosis or alkalosis

A
  • alkalosis
20
Q

pH is decreasing

A
  • acidosis
21
Q

pH is increasing

A
  • alkalosis
22
Q

pH < reference interval

A
  • acidemia
23
Q

pH > reference interval

A
  • alkalemia
24
Q

2 sites of bicarb formation and pathogenesis

A
  • kidney and stomach

- increase aldosterone -> conserves Na&Cl and excrete K -> excretes H, produces more HCO3

25
Q

major mechanisms for increase HCO3 disorders with metabolic alkalosis in ruminants (2) and in dogs & cats (1)

A
  • abomasal displacement and torsion

- pyloric obstruction

26
Q

major mechanisms for decrease HCO3 disorders - metabolic acidosis (3)

A
  • decrease renal loss of H
  • increase H production
  • increase HCO3 loss
27
Q

lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis cause increase or decrease H production

A
  • increase
28
Q

renal failure, urinary obstruction, uroperitoneum cause an increase or decrease renal loss of H

A
  • decrease renal loss of H
29
Q

diarrheas, renal tubular acidosis, ruminant “choke” cause an increase or decrease HCO3 loss

A
  • increase HCO3 loss
30
Q

hypercholremia can be caused by (2)

A
  • increase [Na] (not equal)

- decrease [HCO3] (equal)

31
Q

hypochloremia can be caused by (3)

A
  • decrease Na
  • increase [HCO3]
  • increase [A]
32
Q

primary route of K excretion

A
  • kidneys

- increase aldosterone secretion

33
Q

insulin and epinephrine increase __ entry into cells

A
  • K
34
Q
  • academia due to metabolic acidosis
  • decrease renal excretion
  • pseudohyperkalemia
    all cause increase or decrease in K
A
  • increase (hyperkalemia)
35
Q

pathogenesis of academia due to metabolic acidosis causing hyperkalemia

A
  • reduced renal excretion of H -> academia -> H moves into cell & K moves out -> hyperkalemia
36
Q

oliguric states, uroperitoneum, Addison’s disease all cause increase or decrease of K

A
  • increase
37
Q

how does Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism) cause increase K

A
  • adrenocortical hypoplasia -> decrease aldosterone -> decrease Na, K, ATPase pump -> decrease K secretion in distal nephron -> decrease renal excretion K -> hyperkalemia
38
Q

in vitro hemolysis causes a pseudohyperkalemia in what species

A
  • horses
  • cattle
  • Akita
  • Shibas
39
Q

marked thrombocytosis causes

A
  • pseudohyperkalemia
40
Q
  • alkalemia due to metabolic alkalosis (vomiting)
  • anorexia (prolonged)
  • K loss disorders
  • shift into cells (insulin stimulated)
    cause increase or decrease of K
A
  • decrease
41
Q

K loss disorders (3)

A
  • increase renal excretion
  • increase intestinal loss
  • cutaneous loss (equine sweat)
42
Q

when acidotic state is fixed, hypokalemia develops in a patient suffering from

A
  • diabetes mellitus
43
Q

anion gap major purpose is to detect

A
  • increase [A] (metabolic acidosis)
44
Q

diseases that can cause an increase anion gap (metabolic acidosis)

A
  • lactic acidosis
  • ketoacidosis
  • renal failure (ethylene glycol)
45
Q

osmolality - concentration of solutes per ___

A
  • kg H2O
46
Q

osmalarity - concentration of solutes per __

A
  • L of solution

Clin Path (43 decks)

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