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Clin Path > P31 - Urinary System Part 2 > Flashcards

P31 - Urinary System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

composition of urine is determined by 3 major factors

A
  • composition of plasma presented to kidneys
  • renal functions
  • what is added during flow
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2
Q

T/F: small animals have basic urine pH

A
  • false
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3
Q

T/F: large animals have basic urine pH

A
  • true
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4
Q

what species can have more proteins in their urine

A
  • dogs
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5
Q

what species has hazy urine and crystals are common and mucus prominent

A
  • horses
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6
Q

2 reasons why urine can be more dilute

A
  • if hydrated

- ADH inhibitors

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7
Q

urochromes

A
  • horses can have orange colored urine in wintertime
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8
Q

the more concentrated urine is the more ___ color it is

A
  • dark yellow
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9
Q

color of hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria

A
  • red and clear
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10
Q

color of hematuria

A
  • red and cloudy
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11
Q

reason for orange to brown color urine

A
  • bilirubin
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12
Q

color of myoglobinuria, methemoglobinuria (oxidative form of hemoglobin)

A
  • coffee-brown
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13
Q

solute concentration of urine tells what ability of the kidneys

A
  • concentrating ability
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14
Q

USG can overestimate the solute concentration of urine if what is increased (2)

A
  • protein or glucose concentrations
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15
Q

pathogenesis of ADH (vasopressin) where there is hypovolemia or hyperosmolality

A
  • increase release of ADH by hypothalamus -> increase H2O resorption in distal nephron -> increase USG
  • stimulate thirst center -> increase H2O intake
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16
Q

hypersthenuria

A
  • very concentrated
  • cat > 1.060
  • dog > 1.050
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17
Q

eusthenuria

A
  • concentrated
  • dog and cat - 1.030
  • horse and ox - 1.025
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18
Q

isosthenuria

A
  • urine osmolality = plasma osmolality

- 1.007 - 1.013

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19
Q

hyposthenuria

A
  • usine osmolality < plasma osmolality

- < 1.007

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20
Q

to produce concentrated urine 3 things must be happening

A
  • ADH must be present
  • tubules must respond to ADH
  • concentration gradient must be present
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21
Q

to produce hyposthenuric urine 2 things need to happen

A
  • functional loop of Henle (removes solute not water)

- ADH activity not present

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22
Q

prerenal azotemia [UN], [Crt] and USG values

A
  • increase [UN]
  • increase [Crt]
  • USG > 1.030 - dogs and > 1.040 - cats
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23
Q

renal azotemia [UN], [Crt] and USG values

A
  • increase [UN]
  • increase [Crt]
  • USG 1.007 - 1.013 - isosthenuria
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24
Q

UA results indicates what hydration status:

  • USG of 1.030
  • ADH conserving water
  • other findings negative
A
  • hydration status - normal

- expected random sample of healthy dog

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25
Q

UA results indicates what hydration status:

  • USG 1.060
  • Other findings negative
  • might have prerenal azotemia
A
  • hydration status - dehydrated
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26
Q

UA results indicates what hydration status:

  • USG 1.003
  • ascending loop of Henle is functioning
  • do not release ADH -> decrease water conservation
A
  • hydration status - over hydrated
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27
Q

UA results indicates what hydration status:

  • USG 1.010
  • other findings negative
  • little need for ADH - decrease water conservation
A
  • hydration status - well hydrated
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28
Q

urine osmolality is same as plasma and dehydrated indicates what

A
  • chronic renal failure
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29
Q

what do you do to USG when you have osmotic diuresis due to diabetes mellitus and dehydration

A
  • subtract out glucose from USG
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30
Q

real diabetes insipidus USG

A
  • 1.002

- no tubular response to ADH

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31
Q

central diabetes insipidus USG

A
  • 1.002

- no ADH release

32
Q

volume of urine is inversely proportional to what

A
  • urine specific gravity
33
Q

false positives of protein in alkaline urine from what test

A
  • reagent strip method
34
Q

false negatives of protein in alkaline urine from what test

A
  • SSA (sulfosalicylic acid) turbidity

- but it does detect lower concentrations than strip

35
Q

what is the only proteinuria that will cause hypoalbuminemia

A
  • renal - glomerular proteinuria
36
Q

features of prerenal proteinuria

A
  • proteins < 60,000 will pass through glomerulus
37
Q

features of renal (glomerular) proteinuria

A
  • proteins > 60,000 will pass through glomerulus (porous)

- causes hypoalbuminemia

38
Q

features of renal (tubular) proteinuria

A
  • decrease absorption of proteins < 60,000

- associated with acute renal disease

39
Q

features of postrenal proteinuria

A
  • cells and hemorrhage leak into bladder -> plasma proteins added
40
Q

hyperglycemic glucosuria due to

A
  • increase plasma [glucose] -> exceeds renal threshold
41
Q

renal glucosuria (glycosuria) due to

A
  • plasma [glucose] is WRI

- tubular disease/defect -> defective glucose resorption

42
Q

congenital fanconi syndrome common in what dog breed

A
  • basenji

- damage of tubules due to congenital disease

43
Q

glucosuria effects on urine volume

A
  • glucose in tubular fluid -> decreases osmotic gradient -> decreases H2O resorbed -> increase urine volume
44
Q

what ketone is mainly detected on the strip

A
  • acetoacetate

- acetone lost quickly

45
Q

ketones in urine is common in (2)

A
  • diabetes mellitus

- bovine ketosis

46
Q

ketones in urine is promoted by

A
  • decrease insulin

- increase glucagon activity

47
Q

hematuria

A
  • red cells coming into urine

- RBC in urine sediment

48
Q

hemoglobinuria

A
  • RBC lysis
  • anemia, hymoglobinemia
  • Hct is decreased and plasma color is pink to red
49
Q

myoglobinuria

A
  • muscle damage

- information provided to support muscle damage

50
Q

3 ways heme gets into urine

A
  • hematuria
  • hemoglobinuria
  • myoglobinuria
51
Q

what species can have a trace to 1+ bilirubin in concentrated urine

A
  • dogs
52
Q

bilirubinuria due to hemolytic icterus

A
  • bilirubin formation > bilirubin excretion into bile
53
Q

bilirubinuria due to hepatobiliary disease

A
  • impaired bilirubin excretion -> goes back into plasma, blood and urine
54
Q

pyuria

A
  • leukocytes in urine

- usually concurrent with hematuria

55
Q

hematuria

A
  • erythrocytes in urine
56
Q

bacteriuria

A
  • bacteria in urine

- if white cells present probably pathogenic

57
Q

cylindruria

A
  • casts in urine
  • made from mucus or protein secretions
  • not pathogenic - can be found in normal animals
58
Q

crystalluria

A
  • crystals in urine

- have to have cations and anions

59
Q

what type of cast is shown later

A
  • granular casts are later than cellular
60
Q

calcium phosphate crystals have high concentrations of what

A
  • Ca and PO4
61
Q

struvite crystals conditions to be formed

A
  • pH of 8.0

- Mg + NH4 + PO4

62
Q

T/F: increase temperature increases crystals

A
  • false - decrease temp does
63
Q

crystals common in acidic urine (5)

A
  • ammonium biurate
  • bilirubin
  • calcium oxalate
  • cystine
  • urate & uric acid
64
Q

crystals common in alkaline urine (3)

A
  • calcium carbonate
  • calcium phosphate
  • magnesium ammonium phosphate
65
Q

breeds prone to ammonium biurate

A
  • Dalmatians, english bulldogs, black russian terriers

- due to urate receptor defect

66
Q

ammonium biurate features and pathophysiology

A
  • look like apple with thorn
  • hepatic dysfunction -> increase renal excretion of NH4 & urates
  • > decrease fixation of NH4 into urea
  • > decrease conversion of uric acid to allantoin
67
Q

bilirubin crystalluria common in

A
  • healthy dogs with concentrated urine
68
Q

bilirubin crystalluria features and pathophysiology

A
  • increased renal excretion of bilirubin
69
Q

calcium oxalate crystalluria forms

A
  • monohydrate

- dehydrate

70
Q

calcium oxalate monohydrate causes and features

A
  • ethylene glycol toxicosis (antifreeze)
  • ruminant diet - plants
  • looks like long rod
71
Q

calcium oxalate dehydrate causes and features

A
  • dogs - with concentrated urine
  • ethylene glycol toxicosis
  • ruminant diet - plants
  • equine diet - plants
  • looks like a dimond
72
Q

calcium carbonate crystalluria common in

A
  • herbivores
  • disk shaped
  • no pathologic significance
73
Q

calcium phosphate crystalluria common in

A
  • healthy dogs with alkaline urine

- UTI -> alkalinuria

74
Q

mangesium ammonium phosphate crystals also known as

A
  • struvite crystals
75
Q

struvite crystals are common in

A
  • dogs and cats on a carnivore diet
76
Q

if other causes of proteinuria are excluded then Pro:Crt reflects severity of

A
  • glomerular proteinuria
77
Q

glomerular proteinuria causes

A
  • glomerular amyloidosis (proteins build up)

- glomerulonephritis (injured and can’t filter)

Clin Path (43 decks)

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