P31 - Urinary System Part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
composition of urine is determined by 3 major factors
A
- composition of plasma presented to kidneys
- renal functions
- what is added during flow
2
Q
T/F: small animals have basic urine pH
A
- false
3
Q
T/F: large animals have basic urine pH
A
- true
4
Q
what species can have more proteins in their urine
A
- dogs
5
Q
what species has hazy urine and crystals are common and mucus prominent
A
- horses
6
Q
2 reasons why urine can be more dilute
A
- if hydrated
- ADH inhibitors
7
Q
urochromes
A
- horses can have orange colored urine in wintertime
8
Q
the more concentrated urine is the more ___ color it is
A
- dark yellow
9
Q
color of hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria
A
- red and clear
10
Q
color of hematuria
A
- red and cloudy
11
Q
reason for orange to brown color urine
A
- bilirubin
12
Q
color of myoglobinuria, methemoglobinuria (oxidative form of hemoglobin)
A
- coffee-brown
13
Q
solute concentration of urine tells what ability of the kidneys
A
- concentrating ability
14
Q
USG can overestimate the solute concentration of urine if what is increased (2)
A
- protein or glucose concentrations
15
Q
pathogenesis of ADH (vasopressin) where there is hypovolemia or hyperosmolality
A
- increase release of ADH by hypothalamus -> increase H2O resorption in distal nephron -> increase USG
- stimulate thirst center -> increase H2O intake
16
Q
hypersthenuria
A
- very concentrated
- cat > 1.060
- dog > 1.050
17
Q
eusthenuria
A
- concentrated
- dog and cat - 1.030
- horse and ox - 1.025
18
Q
isosthenuria
A
- urine osmolality = plasma osmolality
- 1.007 - 1.013
19
Q
hyposthenuria
A
- usine osmolality < plasma osmolality
- < 1.007
20
Q
to produce concentrated urine 3 things must be happening
A
- ADH must be present
- tubules must respond to ADH
- concentration gradient must be present
21
Q
to produce hyposthenuric urine 2 things need to happen
A
- functional loop of Henle (removes solute not water)
- ADH activity not present
22
Q
prerenal azotemia [UN], [Crt] and USG values
A
- increase [UN]
- increase [Crt]
- USG > 1.030 - dogs and > 1.040 - cats
23
Q
renal azotemia [UN], [Crt] and USG values
A
- increase [UN]
- increase [Crt]
- USG 1.007 - 1.013 - isosthenuria
24
Q
UA results indicates what hydration status:
- USG of 1.030
- ADH conserving water
- other findings negative
A
- hydration status - normal
- expected random sample of healthy dog
25
UA results indicates what hydration status:
- USG 1.060
- Other findings negative
- might have prerenal azotemia
- hydration status - dehydrated
26
UA results indicates what hydration status:
- USG 1.003
- ascending loop of Henle is functioning
- do not release ADH -> decrease water conservation
- hydration status - over hydrated
27
UA results indicates what hydration status:
- USG 1.010
- other findings negative
- little need for ADH - decrease water conservation
- hydration status - well hydrated
28
urine osmolality is same as plasma and dehydrated indicates what
- chronic renal failure
29
what do you do to USG when you have osmotic diuresis due to diabetes mellitus and dehydration
- subtract out glucose from USG
30
real diabetes insipidus USG
- 1.002
| - no tubular response to ADH
31
central diabetes insipidus USG
- 1.002
| - no ADH release
32
volume of urine is inversely proportional to what
- urine specific gravity
33
false positives of protein in alkaline urine from what test
- reagent strip method
34
false negatives of protein in alkaline urine from what test
- SSA (sulfosalicylic acid) turbidity
| - but it does detect lower concentrations than strip
35
what is the only proteinuria that will cause hypoalbuminemia
- renal - glomerular proteinuria
36
features of prerenal proteinuria
- proteins < 60,000 will pass through glomerulus
37
features of renal (glomerular) proteinuria
- proteins > 60,000 will pass through glomerulus (porous)
| - causes hypoalbuminemia
38
features of renal (tubular) proteinuria
- decrease absorption of proteins < 60,000
| - associated with acute renal disease
39
features of postrenal proteinuria
- cells and hemorrhage leak into bladder -> plasma proteins added
40
hyperglycemic glucosuria due to
- increase plasma [glucose] -> exceeds renal threshold
41
renal glucosuria (glycosuria) due to
- plasma [glucose] is WRI
| - tubular disease/defect -> defective glucose resorption
42
congenital fanconi syndrome common in what dog breed
- basenji
| - damage of tubules due to congenital disease
43
glucosuria effects on urine volume
- glucose in tubular fluid -> decreases osmotic gradient -> decreases H2O resorbed -> increase urine volume
44
what ketone is mainly detected on the strip
- acetoacetate
| - acetone lost quickly
45
ketones in urine is common in (2)
- diabetes mellitus
| - bovine ketosis
46
ketones in urine is promoted by
- decrease insulin
| - increase glucagon activity
47
hematuria
- red cells coming into urine
| - RBC in urine sediment
48
hemoglobinuria
- RBC lysis
- anemia, hymoglobinemia
- Hct is decreased and plasma color is pink to red
49
myoglobinuria
- muscle damage
| - information provided to support muscle damage
50
3 ways heme gets into urine
- hematuria
- hemoglobinuria
- myoglobinuria
51
what species can have a trace to 1+ bilirubin in concentrated urine
- dogs
52
bilirubinuria due to hemolytic icterus
- bilirubin formation > bilirubin excretion into bile
53
bilirubinuria due to hepatobiliary disease
- impaired bilirubin excretion -> goes back into plasma, blood and urine
54
pyuria
- leukocytes in urine
| - usually concurrent with hematuria
55
hematuria
- erythrocytes in urine
56
bacteriuria
- bacteria in urine
| - if white cells present probably pathogenic
57
cylindruria
- casts in urine
- made from mucus or protein secretions
- not pathogenic - can be found in normal animals
58
crystalluria
- crystals in urine
| - have to have cations and anions
59
what type of cast is shown later
- granular casts are later than cellular
60
calcium phosphate crystals have high concentrations of what
- Ca and PO4
61
struvite crystals conditions to be formed
- pH of 8.0
| - Mg + NH4 + PO4
62
T/F: increase temperature increases crystals
- false - decrease temp does
63
crystals common in acidic urine (5)
- ammonium biurate
- bilirubin
- calcium oxalate
- cystine
- urate & uric acid
64
crystals common in alkaline urine (3)
- calcium carbonate
- calcium phosphate
- magnesium ammonium phosphate
65
breeds prone to ammonium biurate
- Dalmatians, english bulldogs, black russian terriers
| - due to urate receptor defect
66
ammonium biurate features and pathophysiology
- look like apple with thorn
- hepatic dysfunction -> increase renal excretion of NH4 & urates
- > decrease fixation of NH4 into urea
- > decrease conversion of uric acid to allantoin
67
bilirubin crystalluria common in
- healthy dogs with concentrated urine
68
bilirubin crystalluria features and pathophysiology
- increased renal excretion of bilirubin
69
calcium oxalate crystalluria forms
- monohydrate
| - dehydrate
70
calcium oxalate monohydrate causes and features
- ethylene glycol toxicosis (antifreeze)
- ruminant diet - plants
- looks like long rod
71
calcium oxalate dehydrate causes and features
- dogs - with concentrated urine
- ethylene glycol toxicosis
- ruminant diet - plants
- equine diet - plants
- looks like a dimond
72
calcium carbonate crystalluria common in
- herbivores
- disk shaped
- no pathologic significance
73
calcium phosphate crystalluria common in
- healthy dogs with alkaline urine
| - UTI -> alkalinuria
74
mangesium ammonium phosphate crystals also known as
- struvite crystals
75
struvite crystals are common in
- dogs and cats on a carnivore diet
76
if other causes of proteinuria are excluded then Pro:Crt reflects severity of
- glomerular proteinuria
77
glomerular proteinuria causes
- glomerular amyloidosis (proteins build up)
| - glomerulonephritis (injured and can't filter)
