Osteoporosis - Ix

Question 1

??? measurements are required to make a diagnosis of osteoporosis, with
the preferred technology being ? energy X-ray absorptiometry (????)
measured at the ? spine and ? ?.
This gives a ‘?-score’, which measures how many ? ? the
BMD deviates from a young adult ?.

Answer 1

BMD
dual
DEXA
lumbar
iliac crest
t
sd
male

Question 2

Osteoporosis is diagnosed when the T-score value falls below -?, whereas
scores from -1 to -? are in the ? range.
A ‘?-score’ is also given, which measures how many SDs BMD deviates from
an ?-matched control.

Answer 2

2.5
2.5
osteopenic
z
age

Question 3

Once osteoporosis is confirmed, history should attempt to identify
? causes discussed above.
Physical examination should include a search for endocrine disease
(?, ?’s, hypo?) and ? disease

Answer 3

predisposing
thyrotoxicosis
cushings
hypogonadism
inflam

Question 4

Serum ? and ?, ???s and ? are important routine tests.
A ? hormone panel should be requested in men and ? women below ?.
Further studies can be requested on the basis of clinical suspicion; e.g.
vitamin ? / ? if suspecting vitamin ? deficiency or hyper?.

Answer 4

ca
phosphate
tfts
esr
sex
amenorrheic
50
d
pth
d
pth