# - Complications Flashcards
Acute complications;
? syndrome.
Visceral Injury: e.g. ? in rib fracture, ? injury in pelvic
fracture.
Nerve Injury: common in fractures around the ? and ?, but usually incomplete in ? injuries so await ? recovery.
Vascular Injury: suggested by the ? ?’s, perform ? if suspected.
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Acute complications;
Infection: more likely with ? fractures; e.g: ?.
Rhabdomyolysis: all patients with a ? injury or prolonged ? (e.g. ? on the ? all night following a ?) should be ? for rhabdomyolysis with a ?, as can cause severe ?.
Bleeding: large amounts of blood can be lost from ? bone fractures.
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Compartment syndrome;
? , ? or ? can cause increased ? in an
osteofascial compartment, resulting in muscle ? +/- ? necrosis.
–> o The increased ? causes venous ?, leading to increased ? ? pressure and ? of fluid, further increasing
the ?.
–> o Long term damage (?) occurs after 6 ?.
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Compartment Syndrome
- The ? and ? leg ? compartments are most commonly affected.
- If the diagnosis is in doubt, compartmental pressure ? can be used.
- -> o If the compartmental pressure is >?mmHg above ?BP then immediate ? is required.
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CS Management;
Remove ?, ? and ?.
? the limb.
Immediate ? if high clinical suspicion or positive pressure readings.
? if any necrosis present.
? IV ? are required in these patients due to the risk of
myoglobinuria and ?.
Leave the wound ? and inspect in ? days for potential closure.
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Late Complications; Infection (including ?: common in the elderly). ?/?. Pressure ?. ? union. ?-union. ?-union. ? ?. Joint ?. ??. ? ? ? syndrome.
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Delayed Union;
When a fracture takes longer than expected to heal for an injury of its type.
Risk factors are those for poor healing;
o Local : poor ? ?, ?, poor apposition of bone ?,
presence of ? ?.
o Systemic: poor ? status, ?, ? therapy
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Delayed Union
Clinical features;
o Persisting fracture ?.
On XR the fracture ? remains visible, with very little ? formation.
Treatment is to eliminate any possible cause, ? the bone in ? but promote ? exercise within the ? to encourage union.
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Non-union;
The fracture will never ?without intervention.
o Diagnosed when not healed after ?x the usual expected time .
Clinical features;
o ? that can be elicited at the site.
o Pain ? as the site gap becomes a ?
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Non-union;
On XR the fracture is ?visible, and it can be subdivided;
o ? non-union: fracture ends are enlarged.
o ? non-union: fracture ends tapered, with no suggestion of new bone formation.
Treatment;
o Conservative: ? or functional ?.
o Surgical: rigid ?+/- bone ?.
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Mal-union;
The bones unite, but in an unsatisfactory position (?/ ?/
?), due to inadequate ? or ?.
There is usually an obvious ?, although ? deformities can be missed.
Treatment is with re-?, ? and internal ?, or limb
? procedures.
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