Module 40

Question 1

coping

Answer 1

alleviating stress using emotional, cog, or behavioral methods

Question 2

problem-focused coping

Answer 2

attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with it; use when we feel we have some control over self/stressor; more people use it with internal loci of control

Question 3

emotional-focused coping

Answer 3

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding/ignoring the stressor and attending to emotional needs related to the stress reaction; use when we feel we can’t change a situation; more people use it with external loci of control; can harm health (stress eating)

Question 4

personal control

Answer 4

sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

Question 5

learned helplessness

Answer 5

hopelessness and passive resignation someone learns when unable to avoid (control) aversive events

Question 6

loss of control perception

Answer 6

can increase vulnerability to ill (mental and physical) health; citizens of stable democracies (personal freedom and control) report increased levels of happiness; higher economic status = more control = longer life; causes increase release of stress hormones

Question 7

excess of control/tyranny of choices

Answer 7

common in W cultures; can decrease satisfaction with choice, cause behavior paralysis, increase depression; causes info overload and greater regret

Question 8

external locus of control

Answer 8

perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate; experience more PTSD; more young Americans show now than before

Question 9

internal locus of control

Answer 9

perception that we control our own fate; greater achievement, independence, better health, decreased depression, obesity, blood pressure and distress as an adult; more military and business leaders; believe in free-will and demonstrate self-control

Question 10

self-control

Answer 10

ability to control impulses and practice delayed gratification

Question 11

pessimists

Answer 11

expect things to go badly; attribute poor performance to a basic lack of ability or to situations enduring beyond control; more external loci of control

Question 12

depletion effect

Answer 12

self-control weakens after use, recovers after rest, and grows stronger with exercise

Question 13

optimists

Answer 13

expect to have more control, cope better with stressful events; enjoy better health, respond to stress with smaller increases in blood pressure; get better grades and argue more civilly; greater life satisfaction, longer life; genetic (related to oxytocin)

Question 14

social support

Answer 14

feeling liked and encouraged by intimate friends and family; calms us; stronger immune responses; allows for open heart therapy

Question 15

open heart therapy

Answer 15

confidement of painful feelings; calms us long term, temp arouses us; suppressing emotions can decrease physical health; can work via writing

Question 16

aerobic exercise

Answer 16

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; helps alleviate depression and anxiety; adds to quantity and quality of life; later in life, better cognitive functioning and decreased risk of neurocog disorders; increases immune responses

Question 17

biofeedback

Answer 17

system of recording, amplifying, and feeding back info about subtle physiological responses (autonomic nervous system); people learn which techniques do/don’t control physiological responses; only helpful for tension headaches

Question 18

relaxation tendencies

Answer 18

decrease depression, heart disease, causes longer life; can include walking, talking, and eating slower; smiling more; laughing at self; admitting mistakes; renewing religious faith; can lower stress and increase immune responses

Question 19

mindful meditation

Answer 19

reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences (inner state) in a nonjudgmental and accepting way; involves closing eyes, scanning body, paying attention to breathing and responses of certain body parts

Question 20

neuro effects of aerobic exercise

Answer 20

increase arousal, muscle relaxation; releases mood increasing chem (norepinephrine, serotonin, and endorphins); filters out toxins that cause depression; fosters neurogenesis (new neurons have increased stress resistance)

Question 21

neuro effects of mindful meditation

Answer 21

connections among brain regions associated with attention, processing visual and audial stimuli and being reflective/aware; activates brain regions associated with reflective awareness (less activity in amygdala (fear) and more in prefrontal cortex (emotional regulation) when labeling emotions); calms brain activation in emotional situations

Question 22

faith factor

Answer 22

religiously active people tend to live longer bc religion promotes self-control and healthy behaviors, increases social support, and promotes positive emotions, meditation via prayer, and hope