Module 26

Question 1

cognition

Answer 1

all of the mental activities associated with thinking, remembering, and communicating knowledge

Question 2

concepts

Answer 2

mental group of similar objects, events, ideas, or people; defined by a definition or prototype

Question 3

definition

Answer 3

concept defined by technical rules

Question 4

prototype

Answer 4

image or best example of a concept/category; when something matces it, more readily associate it w the concept; when it doesn’t, don’t realize its part of the concept

Question 5

isomorphic problems

Answer 5

same underlying problems with different words

Question 6

analogical transfer

Answer 6

taking the structure of 1 problem’s solution and applying it to another (isomorphic) problem; many fail to do so even with priming

Question 7

trial and error

Answer 7

what we do when we don’t possess a Piagetian schema for a problem

Question 8

algorithms

Answer 8

methodical rule/procedure that guarantees a solution; requires much time and effort

Question 9

heuristics

Answer 9

simple thinking strategy; allows us to make judgments quickly and easily; rule of thumb; error-prone more so than algorithms

Question 10

representativeness heuristic

Answer 10

estimating the likelihood of events based on how well they match prototypes; can lead to ignore relevant info and make incorrect estimates; can lead to social consequences

Question 11

base rate fallacy

Answer 11

when making judgements, tend to ignore known/prior probabilities and focus on expected similarities; representativeness heuristic

Question 12

availability heuristic

Answer 12

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; increased by vividness, recency, distinctiveness, etc.; can cause us to fear the wrong things

Question 13

what do we fear

Answer 13

things we can’t control, what is immediate, what our ancestral history has prepared us to, and what is most available in memory (availability heuristic)

Question 14

insight

Answer 14

aha moment; associated with bursts of brain activity in frontal lobes before and in temporal lobes during; sudden; causes satisfaction; downfall is that it may not happen

Question 15

confirmation bias

Answer 15

tendency to search for info that supports our preconceptions and to ignore/distort contradictory evidence; want “confirming evidence”

Question 16

mental set

Answer 16

tendency to approach a problem with the mindset of what has worked for us previously; can help or hurt

Question 17

overconfidence

Answer 17

tendency to be more confident than correct; can feed extreme political views; if we know less, we are more definite about it; close minded ideas often lead to this; lead to being happy, competent, and making decisions easier; can decrease by being given prompt and clear feedback

Question 18

planning falacy

Answer 18

overestimating future leisure time and income

Question 19

fixation

Answer 19

inability to see a problem from a new perspective; can be bad but also focuses thinking; mental set, confirmation bias, belief perseverance

Question 20

intuition

Answer 20

automatic immediate feeling/thought; often what we follow; implicit analysis frozen in habit; contradicts conscious/explicit reasoning; based on experience; huge; adaptive; can lead to overthinking/overfeeling

Question 21

belief perseverance

Answer 21

tendency to cling to one’s beliefs in the face of contrary evidence; close-minded to new evidence

Question 22

motivated reasoning

Answer 22

using conclusions to assess evidence instead of using evidence to assess conclusions; to alleviate, consider the opp

Question 23

framing

Answer 23

the way an issue is posed; worded to provoke a desired response; can sig affect decisions and judgement

Question 24

scientific thinking

Answer 24

look for disconfirming evidence; opp of confirmation bias

Question 25

creativity

Answer 25

ability to produce ideas that are novel and valuable; injuries to frontal lobes destroy imagination

Question 26

aptitude

Answer 26

ability to learn

Question 27

convergent thinking

Answer 27

aptitude tests; ability to provide a single correct answer

Question 28

divergent thinking

Answer 28

creativity tests; ability to consider many diff options and to think in novel ways

Question 29

components to creativity

Answer 29

expertise, imaginative thinking skills, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, a creative environment

Question 30

Margaret Floy Washburn

Answer 30

animal consciousness intelligence can be inferred from behavior; later proven that they possess neural networks for consciousness

Question 31

animal cog skills

Answer 31

use concepts and numbers, display insight and foresight, transmit culture, adaptation, learning, distinguish voice and smells, recognize self (self-awareness), grief, altruism, empathy, teach, remember