Module 23

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

persistence of learning over time; higher for faces

Question 2

recall

Answer 2

measure of memory; must retrieve info learned earlier (long to short term); remember more than we can recall

Question 3

recognition

Answer 3

measure of memory; identifying previously learned items; fast and vast

Question 4

relearning

Answer 4

measure of memory; assess amount of time saved when learning material again; learning something more quickly the second, third, etc. time; Ebbinghaus

Question 5

info-processing model

Answer 5

encoding -> storage -> retrieval

Question 6

problems with info-processing model

Answer 6

views brain as similar to a computer btu memories are less literal and more fragile than a computer’s; brains use parallel processing more while computers use serial processing

Question 7

connectionism

Answer 7

views memories as products of interconnected neural networks; specific memories arise from activation patterns in these networks; when something new is learned, connections change

Question 8

3 stage model

Answer 8

Atkinson; external stimuli -> sensory mem -> short term/working mem -> long term mem

Question 9

sensory memory

Answer 9

immediate, very brief recording of sensory info

Question 10

encoding

Answer 10

getting info into brain

Question 11

storage

Answer 11

retaining info

Question 12

retrieval

Answer 12

getting info out of storage

Question 13

short term/working mem

Answer 13

activated mem; active processing of mem and info; mem made here usually last up to 50% after 3 sec and are gone by 18 sec

Question 14

central executive

Answer 14

directs attention and focus; gives priority to things; not exactly memory storage; during working mem; involved in consolidation

Question 15

long term mem

Answer 15

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of mem

Question 16

automatic processing

Answer 16

unconscious encoding of incidental (space, time, freq) and of well learned info

Question 17

implicit/nondeclarative mem

Answer 17

retention of learned (procedural) skills, classically conditioned associations, and motor/cognitive skills (primitive); unconscious

Question 18

effortful processing

Answer 18

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 19

explicit/declarative mem

Answer 19

retention of facts/experience that one can consciously know and declare

Question 20

iconic mem

Answer 20

fleeting sensory mem of visual stimuli

Question 21

echoic mem

Answer 21

fleeting sensory mem of audio stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can be recalled within 3-4 sec

Question 22

Miller’s Magic #

Answer 22

we can store 7+-2 pieces of info in short term mem

Question 23

working mem capacity

Answer 23

depends on age; young adults have the best; larger working mem = better multitasking; reflects intelligence; aids retention after sleeping and creative problem solving

Question 24

chunking

Answer 24

organizing items into familiar and managable units; works best when personally meaningful segments

Question 25

clustering

Answer 25

type of chunking; group info; similar to chunking

Question 26

mneumonics

Answer 26

mem aids that use vivid imagery and organizational devices; visualization and acroynms

Question 27

hierarchies

Answer 27

learning info based on broad concepts divided and subdivided down to create a flow of info and mem

Question 28

spacing effect

Answer 28

tendency for distrubuted practice to yield better long term mem than cramming; occurs bc more mem consolidation can occur bc more sleep in btw days before retrieval

Question 29

testing effect; retrieval practice effect

Answer 29

enhanced mem after retrieiving info; testing improves learning and mem and protects mem from stress effects that can impair retrieval

Question 30

shallow processing

Answer 30

encoding on a basic level based on structure/appearance of words; errors= there/their, etc.

Question 31

deep processing

Answer 31

encoding semantically based on words’ meaning; yields better retention

Question 32

elaborate rehearsal

Answer 32

improve mem by connecting to personal experience and/or previously stored mem

Question 33

self-reference effect

Answer 33

higher likelihood that we will remember self-centered info; strong in W/individualistic cultures; doesn’t effect E/collectivist cultures