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PSY 1200 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Hippocrates

A

knew mind was in the brain, not the heart like Aristotle

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2
Q

phrenology

A

Gall; studying bumps on the skull; thought at the time to reveal a person’s mental or personal traits

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3
Q

biological psychologists

A

use advanced technologies to study the links between bioprocesses (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes

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4
Q

discoveries by biological psychology

A

adaptive brain proves it’s wired by experience; humans are composed of biopsychosocial systems (subsystems of subsystems, etc.)

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5
Q

plasticity

A

brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or building new pathways based on experience

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6
Q

examples of plasticity

A

echolocation and larger brain areas found where traits of practiced skills are stored in people

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7
Q

dendrites

A

receive and inegrate info (input)

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8
Q

axon

A

send messages via terminal branches (output)

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9
Q

path of info through neuron

A

dendrite -> soma -> axon -> terminal branches

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10
Q

when does myeline sheath stop being added

A

until 25 y/o (neural efficiency, judgement, and self-control grow until then)

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11
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

when the myelin sheath erodes and communication to muscle slows, causing loss of muscle control, potential vision loss and bowel/bladder dysfunction; CNS disorder; triggered by stresses (infection, pregnancy, emotional trauma, etc)

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12
Q

glial cells (glia)

A

support, nourish, and protect neurons (worker bees);(learning, thinking, memory)

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13
Q

proportion of glial cells to neurons

A

higher in people with more complex brains or animals with more complex brains (smart humans)

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14
Q

action potential

A

neural impulse; climax; brief electrical charge that travels down the axon; not instantaneous; domino effect

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15
Q

action potential relating to size of animal

A

bigger animals = slower reactions/reflexes

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16
Q

axon chemical environment

A

at rest, outside the axon membrane = mostly + from Na+ and inside the axon membrane = mostly - from large - protein ions and small + K+

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17
Q

depolarization

A

when a neuron fires, + Na+ ions enter axon via channels and switch polarity to + inside; causes domino effect and action potential

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18
Q

excitatory vs. inhibitory signals

A

impulses that initiate vs stop neural impulses

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19
Q

threshold

A

minimal intensity for a neural impulse to fire (excitatory signals that must exceed inhibitory signals at this levels)

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20
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers released when action potential reaches end of terminal; bind to receptor sites on receiving neuron branches (lock and key); electrically charged atoms from transmitters go into receiving neuron and and excites/inhibits it (creates action potential) - synaptic transmission

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21
Q

reuptake

A

excess neurotransmitters are either broken down by enzymes or reabsorbed by sending neurons

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22
Q

agonists

A

increase neurotransmitter’s action by possibly increasing production/release rate

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23
Q

antagonists

A

decrease transmitter action by blocking production or release of the transmitter by occupying receptor

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24
Q

examples of antagonists

A

Botulin (canned food) and Curare (darts) block ACh receptors, causing paralysis

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25
Q

nervous system

A

fast communication network consisting of all nerve cells of peripheral and CNS (external -> internal -> reaction)

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26
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

gathers info and transmits CNS decisions to body

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27
Q

somatic nervous system

A

enables voluntary control of skeletal muscles

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28
Q

intraneurons

A

process info btw sensory and motor neurons

29
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

controls glands and internal organ muscles (self-regulating functions)

30
Q

spinal cord

A

2-way info highway connecting brain and PNS; injuries result in paralysis (only involuntary movements would occur)

31
Q

pain-reflexes

A

runs through spinal cord and back out to muscle before brain can process pain (delayed feeling)

32
Q

ascending nerve fiber

A

send sensory info up to brain

33
Q

descending nerve fiber

A

send motor info down to muscles

34
Q

nerves

A

electrical cables formed from axon bundles which link CNS with sensory neurons, muscles, and glands

35
Q

endoctrine system

A

body’s slow chemical communication system; set of glands that secrete hormones into bloodstream

36
Q

hormone

A

chemical messengers that travel through bloodstream and affect other tissues; influence interest in sex, food, and aggression; some are chemically identical to neurotransmitters

37
Q

endoctrine hangover

A

lingering emotion-related hormones as a result of endoctrine messages outlasting neural messages (ex: feeling angry for a while)

38
Q

adrenal glands

A

ontop of kidney; secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine (via ANS) in presence of stress; initiates fight or flight (increases heart rate, blood pressure and sugar

39
Q

pituitary gland

A

most influential; controlled by hypothalamus; regulates growth and controls other glands (sex glands, adrenal glands); releases oxytocin which enables birth contractions, orgasms, milk flow, pair bonding, group cohesion, and social trust

40
Q

flow of info in endoctrine system

A

brain -> pituitary -> other glands -> hormones -> body and brain

41
Q

acetylcholine (ACh) function

A

enables muscle action, learning, memory

42
Q

acetylcholine (ACh) malfunction

A

ACh-producting neurons deteriorate during Alzheimer’s; muscles can’t contract, leading to paralysis (like the state which is induced during anesthesia)

43
Q

dopamine function

A

influences movement, learning, attention, emotion

44
Q

dopamine malfunction

A

oversupply can lead to schizophrenia; undersupply can lead to tremors and decreased mobility with Parkinson’s

45
Q

serotonin function

A

mood, hunger, sleep, arousal

46
Q

serotonin malfunction

A

undersupply leads to depression

47
Q

norepinephrine function

A

helps control alertness and arousal

48
Q

norepinephrine malfunction

A

undersupply leads to depressed mood

49
Q

GABA function

A

major inhibitor

50
Q

GABA malfunction

A

undersupply can lead to seizures, tremors, insomnia

51
Q

glutamate function

A

major excitator; memory

52
Q

glutamate malfunction

A

oversupply can lead to overstimulation of brain, producing migraines and seizures; this is why people avoid food w/ MSG

53
Q

endorphins function

A

natural opiods; influence perception of pain and pleasure; can improve mood; explains “runner’s high,” painkilling effects of acupuncture, and indifference to pain during extreme injuries

54
Q

endorphins malfunction

A

oversupply due to opiods can lead to suppression of body’s natural supply, stop of production, can cause withdrawal

55
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

carry neurotransmitters to presynaptic membrane

56
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

degenerative neurotransmitter disorder affecting parts of the brain responsible for control and regulation of movement; caused by depletion of dopamine in basal ganglia of midbrain where dopamine is produced and stored; causes dysfunction of movement and maintaining of balance, and paralysis

57
Q

prevalance of Parkinson’s

A

1% of pop over 50 y/o; 2% of pop over 80 y/o; more common in men (1.5x)

58
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

spaces between myelin that cause impulse to jump and increase speed

59
Q

thyroid gland

A

controls body metabolism (weight gain/loss)

60
Q

parathyroid gland

A

controls calcium levels in blood

61
Q

thymus gland

A

makes white blood cells (active in childhood)

62
Q

pineal gland

A

produces melatonin (sleep-wake cycle)

63
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A

autoimmune disorder w/ accute attack of peripheral nerve myeline (peripheral nervous system disorder); symptoms include respiratory failure, paralysis/impaired reflexes; usually follows a viral infection (flu)

64
Q

prevelance of MS

A

onset of about 20-24 y/o; affects women 2:1; more common in whites and people from N climates (North America and northern Europe)

65
Q

prevelance of Guillan-Barre Syndrome

A

affects all ages and genders equally

66
Q

Uhthoff’s Sign

A

temporary heigtening of MS symptoms as a result of increase in temp (via bath, shower, etc)

67
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

expands energy (fight or flight response (stress)); ejaculation

68
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

conserves energy, calms; sexual arousal (calming)

PSY 1200 (37 decks)

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