Module 20 Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

process of acquiring new and relatively permanent info/behaviors through experience

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2
Q

types of learning

A

adaptation, classical and operant conditioning, observational learning, and cognitive learning

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3
Q

adaptation

A

learning to ignore some aspects of life (ex: sounds)

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4
Q

cognitive learning

A

acquire mental info which guides behaviors; via language

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5
Q

associative learning

A

learning that certain events occur together

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6
Q

habitual behaviors

A

especially evident when mentally depleted; usually takes 66 days to develop beneficial habits

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7
Q

respondent behavior

A

behavior that occurs automatically as a response to a stimulus (classical conditioning)

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8
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior that operates on the environment and produces consequences (operant conditioning)

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9
Q

classical conditioning

A

type of learning where 2 stimuli are linked; first stimuli comes to illicit behavior in anticipation of second stimulus

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10
Q

counter-conditioning

A

using extinction procedures/new conditioning to change unwanted responses to stimuli

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11
Q

neutral stimulus (NS)

A

a stimulus that doesn’t illicit a said response; turns into CS

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12
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

stimulus that automatically and naturally triggers a response

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13
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

unlearned, naturally occurring response to an US

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14
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger CR; can trigger another biological event/arrousal like sexual conditioning

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15
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

learned response to previously neutral, but now conditioned, stimulus

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16
Q

acquisition

A

initial learning when US and NS are associated (CC); strengthening of a reinforced response (OC); usually 0.5 seconds btw US and NS; NS must come before US

17
Q

higher-order/second-order conditioning

A

CS in 1 conditioning experience is paired with NS, creating a second and often weaker CS

18
Q

extinction

A

diminished response that occurs when US doesn’t follow CS anymore (CC); when response isn’t reinforced anymore (OC)

19
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

reappearance of a weakened CR after a pause

20
Q

generalization

A

tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit a response (CR) (CC); responses learned in 1 situation occur in other, similar situations (OC)

21
Q

discrimination

A

learned ability to distinguish between a CS and similar stimuli that don’t signal a US (CC); ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that aren’t reinforced (OC)

22
Q

main concepts of Pavlov’s work

A

classical conditioning is universal among all organisms; scientific model for psych

23
Q

behaviorism

A

Watson; psych should be an objective science based on observable behavior; today, most psychologists agree with 1 but not 2; influenced North American psych in early 20th century; disapproved of mentalistic concepts (ex: consciousness)

24
Q

John Watson

A

founded behaviorism; believed basic laws of learning were the same for all animals and that human emotions and behaviors are mainly a bundle of conditional responses; conducted controversial studies on Little Albert and conditioned him to be scared of white rats via loud noises and was generalized to other animals

25
Q

applications of classical conditioning

A

drug cravings, food cravings, immune responses, placebo effect, love towards parental figures, taste aversion

26
Q

taste aversion

A

after getting sick after eating a said food, may avoid food, sometimes permanently, even if food doesn’t cause sickness