Module 12 Flashcards
enriched prenatal environment
can increase brain weight, # of synapses, and brain power (in mice)
stimulation by touch/massage for babies
faster neurological development, weight gain (+), better sleep, less stress, and better cognitive development
pruning
w/o use, neural pathways are destroyed
parenting effect on personality
greatest effect at extremes; usually < 10% of personality
culture
behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions of a group that are passed through generations; supports natural selection
preservation of innovation
building on past developments of a culture
division of labor
all people have different roles in a culture
norms
rules for expected and accepted behavior
predictors of cultural tempo
economics, industry, population, climate, basic values
collectivism
focuses on role as part of a group; morality and behavior influenced by social network; few close friendships; Eastern cultures usually
individualism
focuses as role as a special, unique individual; morality and behavior influenced by personal attitude and personality; many (temp/casual) relationships; Western cultures usually
subcultures
religion, region, economic status
growing individualism
caused by increased voluntary emigration, capitalism, sparesely populated, challenging environment
family self
a feeling that what shames/honors child, shames/honors family and vice versa; collectivism
sex
biological status defined by chromosomes/anatomy
gender
culture’s expectations about what it means to be male/female
similarities among sexes
45 unisex chromosomes; goal is to survive and reproduce; competitiveness, happiness, creativity, intelligence, emotions/desires, cognitive functions, vocab
general difference between sexes
puberty is earlier for women and their lifespans are 5 yrs longer; women are more emotional, higher risk of anxiety, depression, and eating disorders; men are more likely to commit, develop alcohol use disorder, autism, color-blindness, ADHD, and antisocial personality disorder
aggression difference between sexes
men are more aggressive and sexually violent
relational aggression
act of aggression intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing (gossip); more common in women
differences between sexes in social power/workplace bias
men seen as more powerful, dominant, successful, make more money than women counterparts, do less childcare work, directive, offer opinions more, interrupt, initiate touches, stare; women more democratic, supportive, smile and apologize more
social connectedness differences between sexes
men are independent and have large, non-intimate groups; women are interdependent, have small, intimate groups, spend more time on social media, give more advice, more religious
primary sex characteristics
genitals
secondary sex characteristics
everything else (boobs, beards, etc)
marking of puberty for men
spermarche; around 14 years old
marking of puberty for women
menarche; around 12 1/2 years old; can be affected by genes and environment (stress, trauma, exercise, etc)
intersex
condition present at birth where person possesses biological sexual characteristics of both sexes
sex-reassignment surgery
creates umambiguous sex; not very effective
gender roles
set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males/females; have been amended recently to increase female equity
gender identity
personal sense of being male, female, or combo
social learning theory
we acquire our identity in childhood by observing and imitating others’ behaviors and by being rewarded/punished for behavior
gender typing
taking on a traditional male/female role; more common in children with traditional parents
androgyny
displaying both male and female roles; ppl are more adaptable, resilient, self-accepting, and have lower depression rates
schemas
concepts/organized groups that help us make sense of our world
gender schemas
organize experiences of male and female characteristics; stereotypical ones are strongest at age 5-6
transgender
gender identity differs from behaviors/traits typical of biological sex
gender dysphoria
distress caused by being transgender
sexual orientation
direction of one’s sexual attraction
