Module 12

Question 1

enriched prenatal environment

Answer 1

can increase brain weight, # of synapses, and brain power (in mice)

Question 2

stimulation by touch/massage for babies

Answer 2

faster neurological development, weight gain (+), better sleep, less stress, and better cognitive development

Question 3

pruning

Answer 3

w/o use, neural pathways are destroyed

Question 4

parenting effect on personality

Answer 4

greatest effect at extremes; usually < 10% of personality

Question 5

culture

Answer 5

behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions of a group that are passed through generations; supports natural selection

Question 6

preservation of innovation

Answer 6

building on past developments of a culture

Question 7

division of labor

Answer 7

all people have different roles in a culture

Question 8

norms

Answer 8

rules for expected and accepted behavior

Question 9

predictors of cultural tempo

Answer 9

economics, industry, population, climate, basic values

Question 10

collectivism

Answer 10

focuses on role as part of a group; morality and behavior influenced by social network; few close friendships; Eastern cultures usually

Question 11

individualism

Answer 11

focuses as role as a special, unique individual; morality and behavior influenced by personal attitude and personality; many (temp/casual) relationships; Western cultures usually

Question 12

subcultures

Answer 12

religion, region, economic status

Question 13

growing individualism

Answer 13

caused by increased voluntary emigration, capitalism, sparesely populated, challenging environment

Question 14

family self

Answer 14

a feeling that what shames/honors child, shames/honors family and vice versa; collectivism

Question 15

sex

Answer 15

biological status defined by chromosomes/anatomy

Question 16

gender

Answer 16

culture’s expectations about what it means to be male/female

Question 17

similarities among sexes

Answer 17

45 unisex chromosomes; goal is to survive and reproduce; competitiveness, happiness, creativity, intelligence, emotions/desires, cognitive functions, vocab

Question 18

general difference between sexes

Answer 18

puberty is earlier for women and their lifespans are 5 yrs longer; women are more emotional, higher risk of anxiety, depression, and eating disorders; men are more likely to commit, develop alcohol use disorder, autism, color-blindness, ADHD, and antisocial personality disorder

Question 19

aggression difference between sexes

Answer 19

men are more aggressive and sexually violent

Question 20

relational aggression

Answer 20

act of aggression intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing (gossip); more common in women

Question 21

differences between sexes in social power/workplace bias

Answer 21

men seen as more powerful, dominant, successful, make more money than women counterparts, do less childcare work, directive, offer opinions more, interrupt, initiate touches, stare; women more democratic, supportive, smile and apologize more

Question 22

social connectedness differences between sexes

Answer 22

men are independent and have large, non-intimate groups; women are interdependent, have small, intimate groups, spend more time on social media, give more advice, more religious

Question 23

primary sex characteristics

Answer 23

genitals

Question 24

secondary sex characteristics

Answer 24

everything else (boobs, beards, etc)

Question 25

marking of puberty for men

Answer 25

spermarche; around 14 years old

Question 26

marking of puberty for women

Answer 26

menarche; around 12 1/2 years old; can be affected by genes and environment (stress, trauma, exercise, etc)

Question 27

intersex

Answer 27

condition present at birth where person possesses biological sexual characteristics of both sexes

Question 28

sex-reassignment surgery

Answer 28

creates umambiguous sex; not very effective

Question 29

gender roles

Answer 29

set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males/females; have been amended recently to increase female equity

Question 30

gender identity

Answer 30

personal sense of being male, female, or combo

Question 31

social learning theory

Answer 31

we acquire our identity in childhood by observing and imitating others’ behaviors and by being rewarded/punished for behavior

Question 32

gender typing

Answer 32

taking on a traditional male/female role; more common in children with traditional parents

Question 33

androgyny

Answer 33

displaying both male and female roles; ppl are more adaptable, resilient, self-accepting, and have lower depression rates

Question 34

schemas

Answer 34

concepts/organized groups that help us make sense of our world

Question 35

gender schemas

Answer 35

organize experiences of male and female characteristics; stereotypical ones are strongest at age 5-6

Question 36

transgender

Answer 36

gender identity differs from behaviors/traits typical of biological sex

Question 37

gender dysphoria

Answer 37

distress caused by being transgender

Question 38

sexual orientation

Answer 38

direction of one’s sexual attraction