Module 22

Question 1

preparedness

Answer 1

biological predisposition to learn associations that have survival value (ex: taste aversion); Garcia; constraint on CC

Question 2

nausea conditioning

Answer 2

alerts body to threat; can occur between patients and the environment of chemo clinic

Question 3

biological constraint on OC

Answer 3

most easily learn behaviors similar to natural behaviors; unnatural ones drift back to these natural behaviors

Question 4

instinctive drift

Answer 4

tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns (OC)

Question 5

predictability

Answer 5

the more predictable an association is, the stronger the conditioned response is; causes an expectancy (awareness of how likely it is for an US to occur) of when the response should occur soon; responds more with more (unique) info value and/or frequently correct predictability; Rescorla

Question 6

cognitive map

Answer 6

mental representation of one’s environment; allows for latent learning

Question 7

latent learning

Answer 7

Tolman; learning that occurs but isn’t apparent until there’s an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 8

intrinsic motivation

Answer 8

desire to perform a behavior effectively and for one’s own sake; excessive rewards can diminish/backfire; intrinsic rewards usually lead to extrinsic rewards

Question 9

extrinsic motivation

Answer 9

behaving to gain external rewards or avoid punishment; those used to signal a job well done can be effective

Question 10

observational learning

Answer 10

learning without direct experience by watching and imitating others; especially likely to learn from people we perceive as similar to us, successful, or admirable; Bandura and the Bobo Doll Studies

Question 11

modeling

Answer 11

process of obseraving and imitating a behavior; can experience vicarious reinforcement/punishment

Question 12

mirror neurons

Answer 12

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions/observe another doing so; may enable imitation, empathy, and observational learning

Question 13

imitation

Answer 13

can be passed down; changes with environment; present in chimps, whales, monkeys, and humans; human imitation is pervasive; can occur with emotions; allows for theory of mind and socialization; lights up same brain areas as actually experiencing emotion/event

Question 14

imitation in humans

Answer 14

8-16 months: infants imitate novel gestures
12 months: look where adult is
14 months: children imitate acts on TV
2.5 y/o: young children surpass chimps at social tasks
2-5 y/o: overimitate - copy irrelevant actions

Question 15

prosocial behavior

Answer 15

positive, constructive, helpful behavior

Question 16

behavior modeling

Answer 16

examples of prosocial behavior; used to help new employees learn skills via observing them being modeled effectively

Question 17

nonviolent helpful behavior

Answer 17

Gandhi and MLK emphasized; watching others engage in helpful behavior makes one more likely to do the same

Question 18

antisocial behavior

Answer 18

opposite of prosocial behaviors; ex: aggressiveness, can be environmentally and genetically caused

Question 19

violence-viewing effect

Answer 19

high amounts of violence and misrepped/unpunished/”justified” violence/crime promoted in media; can increase aggression, violence, and crime; prompted by imitation and desensitiation