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PSY 1200 > Module 27 > Flashcards

Module 27 Flashcards

1
Q

speaking

A

brain and voice apparatus transmit airwaves that we send and enter others’ eardrums

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2
Q

language

A

spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to form meaning; can comprehend much we’ve never seen, make plans and have people carry them out, connect to people far away, know what another is thinking directly, store info

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3
Q

defining features of language

A

semantics, syntax, symbols are arbitrary and flexible, comprehensive naming, generativity, prevarication, displacement

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4
Q

displacement

A

conversing about things that aren’t there

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5
Q

prevarication

A

lying and understanding lies

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6
Q

generativity

A

ability to say the same thing with different words

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7
Q

phonemes

A

smallest distinctive sound units in a language; 869 over languages, 44 for English; can correlate to 2+ graphemes

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8
Q

grapheme

A

letters; written lang; correspond to phonemes (not 1:1)

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9
Q

grammar

A

lang’s set of rules that enable people to communicate

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10
Q

semantics

A

lang’s set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds; meaning goes beyond this and includes syntax, punctuation, and emphasis

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11
Q

syntax

A

set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences

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12
Q

universal grammar

A

Chomsky; language is an unlearned trait and we have a predisposition to learn grammar rules which allows children to learn lang fast; proved incorrect; not specific (nouns, verbs, etc.)

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13
Q

learning lang

A

grammar - by discerning patterns in lang they hear

words and syntax - naturally and w/o conscious thought

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14
Q

receptive lang

A

ability to understand what is said to and about oneself

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15
Q

cooing

A

noises with vowel sounds

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16
Q

4 months - lang

A

can recognize diffs in speech sounds, read lips, coo, cry; babbling

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17
Q

4-6 months- lang

A

babbling stage (babble consonants) and recognize object names (esp consonant-vowel pairs)

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18
Q

6-10 months - lang

A

increased ability to segment spoken sounds into individual words; echoic babble (household lang-related babble)

19
Q

10-12 months - lang

A

one-word stage; usually uses nouns;

20
Q

12-18 months - lang

A

30-50 words; 1 word/day

21
Q

18-24 months - lang

A

two-word stage; 50-200 words; telegraphic speech (nouns and verbs)

22
Q

2-2.5 years - lang

A

1000 words; production of phrases and incomplete sentences; understand > say; multi-word stage

23
Q

3-5 years - lang

A

10,000+ words; production of sentences, mastery of grammatical morphemes, function words; can form Qs and negations

24
Q

productive lang

A

ability to produce words

25
Q

critical periods

A

childhood; time to master certain aspects of lang before learning decreases; by age 7

26
Q

impaired lang dev

A

if late, will occur with same sequences but faster; if exposed to low quality lang, lang skills will decrease

27
Q

cochlear implants

A

convert sounds into ele signals and stimulate auditory nerve via electrodes in child’s cochlea; controversial bc must be done before age of consent

28
Q

how does hearing loss affect people (w/o hearing aids)

A

may struggle to make friends, academics decrease, low self-confidence, lowers capacity to perceive, comprehend, and remember words, sadder, less social engagement, shyness

29
Q

aphasia

A

impairment of language; usually caused by L hemi damage to Wernicke’s or Broca’s areas

30
Q

Broca’s Area

A

helps control language expression; in L frontal lobe; directs muscle movements with motor cortex in creating speech; damage can be fixed with ele stimulation; coordinates brain processing of lang in other areas

31
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

L temporal lobe; involved in language comprehension and expression; can only speak meaningless words

32
Q

animal language

A

some display basic language processing, comprehension, and communication, esp about threats

33
Q

why can only humans have lang (genetics)

A

gene variation of FOXP2 that enables lip, tongue, and vocal cord movements of speech

34
Q

Whorfian hypothesis/linguistic determination

A

language determines thinking and perception; too extreme; disproved bc we think about things for which we have no words and unsymbolized thoughts (wordless images)

35
Q

lingusitic relativism

A

words influence thinking

36
Q

what does learning new words lead to

A

understandment of new ideas and new ways of thinking; express new ideas

37
Q

bilingual advantage

A

bilingual people can inhibit one language while using other; can readily inhibit attention to irrelevant info; evident at 7 mon; can protect against cognitive decline later in life; increases social skill bc can shift to understand another’s perpective

38
Q

mental images

A

sometimes ideas precede words (instead of words conveying ideas) and we may think with implicit memory instead of words

39
Q

outcome stimulation

A

envisioning oneself succeeding; little effect on results

40
Q

process stimulation

A

envisioning self effectively (studying) doing actions leading to desired results; has more effect than outcome stimulation

41
Q

open class of words

A

relatively easy to add new words to or modify existing ones; include semantic content of sentences (nouns, verbs, etc.)

42
Q

closed class of words

A

very difficult to add new words to; function content of sentences (prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, prefix/suffix)

43
Q

American Dialect Society

A

choose expression that most reflect ideas, events, and themes which have occupied English-speaking world, especially NA, in the last year, decade, century, millennium

PSY 1200 (37 decks)

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