Module 31

Question 1

intelligence of identical twins

Answer 1

IQs and talents are almost exactly the same; have similar white and gray matter, areas associated with verbal and spatial intelligence are the same; similar activity when doing mental tasks

Question 2

heritability of intelligence

Answer 2

50-80%; increases as we accumulate life experience and age; polygenetic

Question 3

IQs of virtual twins

Answer 3

correlate r=+0.28; modest environmental influence

Question 4

virtual twins

Answer 4

same-age, adopted kids raised together from birth

Question 5

intelligence of adopted children

Answer 5

IQs resemble biological parents, especially as they age

Question 6

major negative environmental influences on intelligence

Answer 6

sensory deprivation, social isolation, poverty

Question 7

extreme deprivation on intelligence

Answer 7

decreases native intelligence and cog dev

Question 8

poverty-related stresses on intelligence

Answer 8

impede cog performance; worries and distractions decrease thinking capacity

Question 9

schooling interacting with intelligence

Answer 9

aptitude benefits (Head Start) fade over time if not reinforce; intelligence increases with nutritional supplements to pregnant mothers and newborns, quality preschool experiences, and interactive reading

Question 10

growth mindset

Answer 10

focus on learning and growing, curious mind and self-determined; what one accomplishes with intelligence relies on beliefs and motivations; study motivations and skills can predict academic achievement; increases with praise for effort; can be culturally enforced (Asian cultures)

Question 11

recipe for success

Answer 11

ability + opportunity + motivation

Question 12

general gender differences in intelligence

Answer 12

men estimate higher while no realistic diff.; some are cross-cultural, stable over time, influenced by prenatal hormones, and observed in genetic boys raised as girls and vice versa; socially-influenced preferences contribute; often relate to evolutionary advantages; biology affects priorities, risk-taking, math reasoning, and spatial skils

Question 13

female intelligence strengths

Answer 13

spelling, verbal fluency, locating objects, detecting emotions, sensitivity to touch, taste, and color; prioritize people; conscientious

Question 14

male intelligence strengths

Answer 14

spatial ability, complex math, vary more; prioritize things and $; high risk-takers

Question 15

group differences in intelligence

Answer 15

may be more environmental vs genetic aspect of individual differences; exist

Question 16

race’s effect on intelligence

Answer 16

less of an effect; genes are similar; many people are racially mixed making it hard to distinguish effect of just one; may reflect to not equal access to info, large rich-vs-poor gaps, edu policies, and focus on conscientiousness (Asians and females)

Question 17

scientific bias

Answer 17

hinges on test’s validity

Question 18

test validity

Answer 18

if a test predicts future behaviors for only some groups of takers or all

Question 19

test bias

Answer 19

not scientifically biased, but biased bc measure innate differences and performance differences due to edu and cultural experiences; makes assumptions that aren’t universally known

Question 20

stereotype threat

Answer 20

self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on neg stereotype; among minorities; worries hijack working mem and decrease performance; performance increases when tested by people in same group or when no people of threatening group are present; can cause detachment of self-esteem from academics

Question 21

self-affirmation tasks

Answer 21

when done before tests, increased performance and less stereotype threat

Question 22

goals for aptitude tests

Answer 22

Binet; enable schools to recognize who might benefit from early intervention, be aware that they don’t literally measure a person’s worth/potential, and that the competence it shows, while important, is only 1 aspect of personal competence

Question 23

opposition to test bias

Answer 23

state that racial differences persist with non-verbal Q’s (math) and a good test should reveal ALL differences, even between cultures; however, these differences should be adjusted for

Question 24

Binet

Answer 24

developed first IQ test; aimed to measure g to see which students needed intervention; adjusted tests by age

Question 25

IQ tests

Answer 25

gives score of score/age x 100; avg = 100, SD=15; used in WW1 to group soldiers; have been used to test for psychiatric disorders (not anymore) and learning disabilities; not useful bc of eval bias (clinical decides on own discretion)

Question 26

similarities of IQ among family members (children)

Answer 26

1. identical twins raised together
2. identical twins raised apart
3. fraternal twins raised together
4. fraternal twins raised apart
5. siblings raised together
6. adopted children raised together
   shows interplay between nature and nurture; fraternal twins have more similarities than siblings bc same age and prenatal environment (despite not having same DNA)

Question 27

cultural intelligence (CQ)

Answer 27

levels of understanding and empathy (on a global scale); how well one is able to work with a diverse group of people; can measure and prove it; can improve with drive, knowledge, strategy, and action; most people who have it aren’t big names but real people (often essential workers)