Module 31 Flashcards
intelligence of identical twins
IQs and talents are almost exactly the same; have similar white and gray matter, areas associated with verbal and spatial intelligence are the same; similar activity when doing mental tasks
heritability of intelligence
50-80%; increases as we accumulate life experience and age; polygenetic
IQs of virtual twins
correlate r=+0.28; modest environmental influence
virtual twins
same-age, adopted kids raised together from birth
intelligence of adopted children
IQs resemble biological parents, especially as they age
major negative environmental influences on intelligence
sensory deprivation, social isolation, poverty
extreme deprivation on intelligence
decreases native intelligence and cog dev
poverty-related stresses on intelligence
impede cog performance; worries and distractions decrease thinking capacity
schooling interacting with intelligence
aptitude benefits (Head Start) fade over time if not reinforce; intelligence increases with nutritional supplements to pregnant mothers and newborns, quality preschool experiences, and interactive reading
growth mindset
focus on learning and growing, curious mind and self-determined; what one accomplishes with intelligence relies on beliefs and motivations; study motivations and skills can predict academic achievement; increases with praise for effort; can be culturally enforced (Asian cultures)
recipe for success
ability + opportunity + motivation
general gender differences in intelligence
men estimate higher while no realistic diff.; some are cross-cultural, stable over time, influenced by prenatal hormones, and observed in genetic boys raised as girls and vice versa; socially-influenced preferences contribute; often relate to evolutionary advantages; biology affects priorities, risk-taking, math reasoning, and spatial skils
female intelligence strengths
spelling, verbal fluency, locating objects, detecting emotions, sensitivity to touch, taste, and color; prioritize people; conscientious
male intelligence strengths
spatial ability, complex math, vary more; prioritize things and $; high risk-takers
group differences in intelligence
may be more environmental vs genetic aspect of individual differences; exist
race’s effect on intelligence
less of an effect; genes are similar; many people are racially mixed making it hard to distinguish effect of just one; may reflect to not equal access to info, large rich-vs-poor gaps, edu policies, and focus on conscientiousness (Asians and females)
scientific bias
hinges on test’s validity
test validity
if a test predicts future behaviors for only some groups of takers or all
test bias
not scientifically biased, but biased bc measure innate differences and performance differences due to edu and cultural experiences; makes assumptions that aren’t universally known
stereotype threat
self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on neg stereotype; among minorities; worries hijack working mem and decrease performance; performance increases when tested by people in same group or when no people of threatening group are present; can cause detachment of self-esteem from academics
self-affirmation tasks
when done before tests, increased performance and less stereotype threat
goals for aptitude tests
Binet; enable schools to recognize who might benefit from early intervention, be aware that they don’t literally measure a person’s worth/potential, and that the competence it shows, while important, is only 1 aspect of personal competence
opposition to test bias
state that racial differences persist with non-verbal Q’s (math) and a good test should reveal ALL differences, even between cultures; however, these differences should be adjusted for
Binet
developed first IQ test; aimed to measure g to see which students needed intervention; adjusted tests by age
IQ tests
gives score of score/age x 100; avg = 100, SD=15; used in WW1 to group soldiers; have been used to test for psychiatric disorders (not anymore) and learning disabilities; not useful bc of eval bias (clinical decides on own discretion)
similarities of IQ among family members (children)
- identical twins raised together
- identical twins raised apart
- fraternal twins raised together
- fraternal twins raised apart
- siblings raised together
- adopted children raised together
shows interplay between nature and nurture; fraternal twins have more similarities than siblings bc same age and prenatal environment (despite not having same DNA)
cultural intelligence (CQ)
levels of understanding and empathy (on a global scale); how well one is able to work with a diverse group of people; can measure and prove it; can improve with drive, knowledge, strategy, and action; most people who have it aren’t big names but real people (often essential workers)
