Lecture 6 - Intro to Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards
as blood passes through capillaries what occurs
exchange between plasma and interstitium
pulmonary circulation is considered to be what side of the heart
right
systemic circulation is considered to be what side of the heart
left
what are the 2 primary goals of the cardiovascular system
- provide perfusion
- remove waste products
define perfusion
passage of blood/fluid through blood vessels/other channels in an organ or tissue
what are examples of organs with a higher metabolic demand and therefore require more oxygen supply
- brain
- kidney
- gut
how many ATP are made from aerobic metabolism
~36-38 ATP
how many ATP are made from anaerobic metabolism
2 ATP
match the compoents of the cardiovascular system to their plumbing counterpart
a. heart
b. aorta/arteries
c. capillaries
d. veins/venules
- leaky pipes
- distribution pipes
- pump
- collection ducts
a = 3
b = 2
c = 1
d = 4
what are the atria separated by
interatrial septum
what are the ventricles separated by
interventricular septum
what separates the left atrium from the left ventricle
mitral valve/bicuspid valve
what separates the right atrium from the right ventricle
tricuspid valve
what is the main pumping chamber of the heart
left ventricle
what is the function of the right heart
pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs
what is the function of the left heart
pump oxygenated blood to the body and itself
T/F: heart valves allow for flow in multiple directions
FALSE
T/F: heart valves open/close passively as a response to pressure
TRUE
when are the AV valves closed
systole
S1 sounds occur due to
closing of AV valves at the beginning of systole
when are the semilunar valves closed
diasystole
T/F: the semilunar valves do not have chordae tendinae or papillary muscles
TRUE
S2 sounds occur due to
closing of semilunar valves at the end of systole
summarize blood flow through the right side of the heart
- deoxygenated blood from the cranial/caudal vena cava enters the R atrium
- the R atrium fills and the pressure pushes through the tricuspid valve to the R ventricle
- The right ventricle constricts, the pressure closes the AV valve, and blood moves through the pulmonary valve
- once through the pulmonary valve, the blood moves through the pulmonary artery to the lungs
summarize blood flow through the left side of the heart
- oxygenated blood enters the left atrium through the pulmonary veins
- the left atrium fills, pressure causes the blood to move through the mitral/bicuspid valve to the L ventricle
- the left ventricle constricts, pressure closes the mitral/bicuspid valve, and blood moves through the aortic valve
- once through the aortic valve, the blood moves through the aorta to the body
when do coronaries perfuse the heart muscle
diastole (heart is relaxed)
what two ways can blood flow through an organ be altered
- changing pressure across the vascular bed
- changing vascular resistance
bulk flow is due to
hydrostatic pressure (BP) differences
what is perfusion pressure
difference in pressure between the two points (inlet and outlet)
diffusion is due to
concentration difference
transmural pressure
across the wall of an organ/vessel due to pressure difference between out and in
what are the two starling forces
- hydrostatic
- oncotic
what is the benefit of vasculature being squamous epithelium
- induce minimal friction
- minimal surface for aggregation
describe the characteristics of arteries
- blood to the periphery (away from the heart)
- elastic
- muscular
what are the gatekeepers of blood flow? why?
arterioles; regulate the amount of blood entering capillary beds and resistance component of BP
describe the characteristics of veins
- blood to the heart
- less layers of smooth muscles (more drastic diameter changes)
- holds majority of blood
- valves prevent retrograde flow
describe the characteristics of capillaries
- one cell thick promotes gas exchange
- small diameter
- leakiness
precapillary sphincter
cuffs of smooth muscle surrounding root of each capillary, controls flow
what 4 components does the lymphatic system remove from circulation
- water
- protein
- dissolved solutes
- cellular material
the lymphatic system removes component from the _______ and returns it to ______
interstitial fluid; venous circulation
what binds to oxygen and uses it for transport in the body?
hemoglobin
what percentage of an animal’s blood volume should be removed for diagnostics
<1% (dependent on weight)
should oxygen delivery be equal, greater than, or lesser than oxygen demand
equal or greater than
what will happen if oxygen requirement increases or carrying capacity decreases
greater volume of blood is pumped or RBC content is increased
clinical significance of anemia in regards to blood flow
increased flow due to thinner blood
clinical significance of erythrocytosis in regards to blood flow
harder for heart to pump due to increased viscosity/resistance
