Lecture 6 - Intro to Cardiovascular Physiology

Question 1

as blood passes through capillaries what occurs

Answer 1

exchange between plasma and interstitium

Question 2

pulmonary circulation is considered to be what side of the heart

Answer 2

right

Question 3

systemic circulation is considered to be what side of the heart

Answer 3

left

Question 4

what are the 2 primary goals of the cardiovascular system

Answer 4

1. provide perfusion
2. remove waste products

Question 5

define perfusion

Answer 5

passage of blood/fluid through blood vessels/other channels in an organ or tissue

Question 6

what are examples of organs with a higher metabolic demand and therefore require more oxygen supply

Answer 6

1. brain
2. kidney
3. gut

Question 7

how many ATP are made from aerobic metabolism

Answer 7

~36-38 ATP

Question 8

how many ATP are made from anaerobic metabolism

Answer 8

2 ATP

Question 9

match the compoents of the cardiovascular system to their plumbing counterpart

a. heart
b. aorta/arteries
c. capillaries
d. veins/venules

1. leaky pipes
2. distribution pipes
3. pump
4. collection ducts

Answer 9

a = 3
b = 2
c = 1
d = 4

Question 10

what are the atria separated by

Answer 10

interatrial septum

Question 11

what are the ventricles separated by

Answer 11

interventricular septum

Question 12

what separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

Answer 12

mitral valve/bicuspid valve

Question 13

what separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

Answer 13

tricuspid valve

Question 14

what is the main pumping chamber of the heart

Answer 14

left ventricle

Question 15

what is the function of the right heart

Answer 15

pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 16

what is the function of the left heart

Answer 16

pump oxygenated blood to the body and itself

Question 17

T/F: heart valves allow for flow in multiple directions

Answer 17

FALSE

Question 18

T/F: heart valves open/close passively as a response to pressure

Answer 18

TRUE

Question 19

when are the AV valves closed

Answer 19

systole

Question 20

S1 sounds occur due to

Answer 20

closing of AV valves at the beginning of systole

Question 21

when are the semilunar valves closed

Answer 21

diasystole

Question 22

T/F: the semilunar valves do not have chordae tendinae or papillary muscles

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

S2 sounds occur due to

Answer 23

closing of semilunar valves at the end of systole

Question 24

summarize blood flow through the right side of the heart

Answer 24

1. deoxygenated blood from the cranial/caudal vena cava enters the R atrium
2. the R atrium fills and the pressure pushes through the tricuspid valve to the R ventricle
3. The right ventricle constricts, the pressure closes the AV valve, and blood moves through the pulmonary valve
4. once through the pulmonary valve, the blood moves through the pulmonary artery to the lungs

Question 25

summarize blood flow through the left side of the heart

Answer 25

1. oxygenated blood enters the left atrium through the pulmonary veins 2. the left atrium fills, pressure causes the blood to move through the mitral/bicuspid valve to the L ventricle 3. the left ventricle constricts, pressure closes the mitral/bicuspid valve, and blood moves through the aortic valve 4. once through the aortic valve, the blood moves through the aorta to the body

Question 26

when do coronaries perfuse the heart muscle

Answer 26

diastole (heart is relaxed)

Question 27

what two ways can blood flow through an organ be altered

Answer 27

1. changing pressure across the vascular bed 2. changing vascular resistance

Question 28

bulk flow is due to

Answer 28

hydrostatic pressure (BP) differences

Question 29

what is perfusion pressure

Answer 29

difference in pressure between the two points (inlet and outlet)

Question 30

diffusion is due to

Answer 30

concentration difference

Question 31

transmural pressure

Answer 31

across the wall of an organ/vessel due to pressure difference between out and in

Question 32

what are the two starling forces

Answer 32

1. hydrostatic 2. oncotic

Question 33

what is the benefit of vasculature being squamous epithelium

Answer 33

1. induce minimal friction 2. minimal surface for aggregation

Question 34

describe the characteristics of arteries

Answer 34

- blood to the periphery (away from the heart) - elastic - muscular

Question 35

what are the gatekeepers of blood flow? why?

Answer 35

arterioles; regulate the amount of blood entering capillary beds and resistance component of BP

Question 36

describe the characteristics of veins

Answer 36

- blood to the heart - less layers of smooth muscles (more drastic diameter changes) - holds majority of blood - valves prevent retrograde flow

Question 37

describe the characteristics of capillaries

Answer 37

- one cell thick promotes gas exchange - small diameter - leakiness

Question 38

precapillary sphincter

Answer 38

cuffs of smooth muscle surrounding root of each capillary, controls flow

Question 39

what 4 components does the lymphatic system remove from circulation

Answer 39

1. water 2. protein 3. dissolved solutes 4. cellular material

Question 40

the lymphatic system removes component from the _______ and returns it to ______

Answer 40

interstitial fluid; venous circulation

Question 41

what binds to oxygen and uses it for transport in the body?

Answer 41

hemoglobin

Question 42

what percentage of an animal's blood volume should be removed for diagnostics

Answer 42

<1% (dependent on weight)

Question 43

should oxygen delivery be equal, greater than, or lesser than oxygen demand

Answer 43

equal or greater than

Question 44

what will happen if oxygen requirement increases or carrying capacity decreases

Answer 44

greater volume of blood is pumped or RBC content is increased

Question 45

clinical significance of anemia in regards to blood flow

Answer 45

increased flow due to thinner blood

Question 46

clinical significance of erythrocytosis in regards to blood flow

Answer 46

harder for heart to pump due to increased viscosity/resistance