Lecture 48 - Microbiome Flashcards
define microbiota
describes the living microorganisms found in a defined environment
define microbiome
collection of genomes from all microorganisms in the environment (micobes + microbial structures + metabolits + environmental conditions)
the core microbiota can be influenced by factors like
- age
- breed
- sex
- environment
- diet
microbial diversity
number of species and distribution
dysbiosis
any change to the composition of resident commensal communities relative to that found in a healthy individual
relative abundance
proportion of specific organism
what types of biodiversity measures are there
- alpha
- beta
- gamma
alpha diversity
measure of diversity/richness within a sample
small scale
beta diversity
measure of microbiome similarity or dissimilarity between pair of samples
large scale
gamma diversity
measures overall diversity across large geographic region
very large scale
what factors influence the microbiome
- age
- phenotype
- location
what are the harmful effects of dysbiosis
- increased LPS
- decreased SCFAs
- decreased epithelial permeability
- increased intestinal inflammation and cytokines
- increased amyloid beta deposition in brain (alzheimer’s)
- increased glucose and insulin resistance
prebiotics
food for bacteria and produce energy
indigestible food elements
synbiotics
combination of a probiotic and prebiotic
probiotics
live bacteria used to help adjust bacterial population
examples of prebiotics
pumpkin, oligosaccharides
examples of probiotics
entercoccus
lactobacillus spp.
saccharomyces
what are considerations for choosing a supplement
- backed by research/trials
- effects are strain specific
- proven safety, stability, efficacy
- palatability
fecal microbiota transplant
technique involving transferring the intestinal microbiome from a healthy donor to a disease recipient
what diseases have been linked to gut dysbiosis
- alzheimer’s
- parkinson’s
- depression
- stress
- neurodevelopmental disorders
transfaunation
process of transferring rumen fluid containing microbes and nutrients from healthy animals into animals with impaired rumen digestion
what can FMT be used for in canines
- parvo tx
- adjunct therapy for chronic enteropathies
- acute hemorrhagic disease
what can FMT be used for in equines
- adult horse D+
- used for fecal water syndrome
