Lecture 13 - Heart Sounds & Murmurs Flashcards

1
Q

describe S1 sounds

A
  • “lub”
  • closure of mitral and tricuspid valves
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2
Q

describe S2 sounds

A
  • “dub”
  • closure of aortic and pulmonic valves
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3
Q

Split S1 sound

A
  • asynchronous AV valve closure
  • can be normal in larger dogs
  • bundle branch block, VPCs, dyssynchrony of ventricle contraction
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4
Q

Split S2 sound

A
  • async closure of aortic/pulmonic valves
  • inspiration increases venous return and ejection time
  • prolonged RV ejection (PS, PH) or LV ejection (AS, SHTN)
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5
Q

S3 Gallops
a. what is it?
b. when is it heard?
c. is it always abnormal?

A
  • low-pitched during diastole
  • passive blood-filling ventricle and impacting on wall
  • abnormal in small animals, can be DCM
  • sometimes normal in horses
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6
Q

S4 Gallops
a. what is it?
b. when is it heard?
c. is it always abnormal?

A
  • low-pitched during diastole
  • atrial contraction (“kick”) due to thickened left ventricle
  • abnormal in small animals (HCM)
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7
Q

T/F: both S3 and S4 sounds would be heard in early diastole

A

FALSE - only S3, S4 in late diastole

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8
Q

mid-systolic click

A
  • extra “click” in systole between S1 and S2
  • MV prolapse (tense chordae tendinae)
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9
Q

when would heart sounds be increased?

A

hyperdynamic state (fever, anemia, pimobendan use)

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10
Q

when would heart sounds be decreased?

A

myocardial dysfunction

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11
Q

when would heart sounds be muffled?

A

presence of effusion

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12
Q

T/F: laminar flow occurs up to a critical velocity and then becomes turbulent flow

A

TRUE

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13
Q

turbulent flow occurs because of what 2 things

A
  1. change in direction
  2. increase in velocity
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14
Q

define heart murmur

A

prolonged audible vibration of turbulent flow in the heart

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15
Q

what are the 4 general causes of heart murmurs

A
  1. high velocity
  2. decreased blood viscosity (anemia)
  3. large stroke volume
  4. turbulence in flow
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16
Q

murmurs are described by what

A
  1. location
  2. timing and duration (within cardiac cycle)
  3. intensity
  4. frequency or pitch
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17
Q

the point of maximal intensity in cats is

A

sternal or parasternal

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18
Q

what is the PMI for the mitral valve

A

5th intercostal space, left side, elbow height

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19
Q

what is the PMI for the aortic valve

A

4th intercostal space, left side, craniodorsal to mitral

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20
Q

what is the PMI for the pulmonic valve

A

3rd intercostal space, left side, armpit

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21
Q

what is the PMI for the tricuspid valve

A

5th intercostal space; right side, point of elbow

22
Q

systolic murmur

A

between S1 and S2
occurs during ventricular ejection when AV valves should be closed

23
Q

diastolic murmur

A

occurs when ventricles are filling/relaxing and aortic/pulmonic valves should be closed

24
Q

continuous murmur

A

heard throughout systole and diastole

25
grade 1 murmur
soft, heard with difficulty, one location (focal)
26
grade 2 murmur
soft, heard in one location but does not radiate from PMI (focal), readily heard
27
grade 3 murmur
moderately loud murmur readily heard and radiates slightly, regional
28
grade 4 murmur
loud murmur that radiates widely and can be heard on both sides of thorax
29
grade 5 murmur
very loud associated with palpable precordial thrill felt on one side of thorax
30
grade 6 murmur
heard with stethoscope lifted off thorax wall, radiates
31
crescendo
gradually increases to peak intensity
32
decrescendo
gradually tapers from initial peak
33
Diamond
builds to peak and tapers off
34
plateau
equal in intensity throughout
35
what is responsible for timing and opening of valves
pressure gradients
36
stenosis
valves do not open fully/properly due to the narrowing of path, so the heart works harder
37
regurgitation
valves do not close properly and resulting in leaky valves where blood flows backward
38
if _____ and _____ are increased, cardiac work increases
volume; pressure
39
eccentric hypertrophy
increased volume from valve insufficiency
40
concentric hypertrophy
increased pressure from stenosis
41
eccentric hypertrophy leads to ____ of chamber and concentric hypertrophy leads to ____ of walls
dilation; thickening
42
T/F: diastolic pressure is increased in concentric hypertrophy
FALSE
43
what type of murmur decreases stroke volume
mitral valve regurgitation
44
T/F: mitral valve regurgitation is a common left apical systolic murmur in dogs
TRUE
45
systolic murmur
AV valves
46
diastolic murmur
aortic and pulmonic valves
47
shunt
abnormal mixing of blood in heart or great vessels
48
what 3 conditions cause volume overload to the left side of the heart
1. patent ductus arteriosus 2. ventricular septal defect 3. atrial septal defect
49
T/F: PDA is a continuous murmur
TRUE
50
T/F: in a ventricular septal defect, where flow is left to right, a patient may be cyanotic
FALSE - blood will be oxygenated
51
an increase in pulmonary circulation increases what two things?
1. venous return 2. left ventricle volume
52
what is a rare defect in animals that allows the mixing of blood from the atria
atrial septal defect