Lecture 15 - Control Regulation of Cardiac Output Flashcards

1
Q

Negative feedback systems

A

response to a disturbance in the opposite direction of the disturbance

ex: blood pressure, insulin

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2
Q

Positive feedback systems

A

response to a disturbance in the same direction of the disturbance

ex: blood clotting, parturition

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3
Q

what controls cardiac output

A

heart rate and stroke volume

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4
Q

arterial blood pressure is controlled by

A

arteriole diameter

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5
Q

blood volume is controlled by

A

receptors in the kidney, brain, and heart

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6
Q

what is the set point of cardiac output

A

150 mL/kg/min

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7
Q

what is the set point for stroke volume

A

1.5 mL/kg

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8
Q

what is the set point for blood volume

A

80 mL/kg of body weight

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9
Q

what happens to flow if:

pressure between two points increases

A

increases

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10
Q

what happens to flow if:

radius increases

A

increases

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11
Q

what happens to flow if:

viscosity increases

A

decreases

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12
Q

what happens to flow if:

length of vasculature increases

A

decreases

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13
Q

radius of vasculature is controlled by

A

smooth muscle cells

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14
Q

where does the largest drop in pressure occur in the systemic flow of blood

A

at arterioles

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15
Q

T/F: velocity is inversely proportional to cross-sectional area of vasculature

A

TRUE

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16
Q

Acetylcholine is a ______ inotrope and chronotrope

negative or positive

A

negative

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17
Q

describe the job of:

Alpha 1 adrenergic receptor

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • increase peripheral resistance and BP
18
Q

describe the job of:

Alpha 2 adrenergic receptor

A
  • inhibits norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and insulin release
19
Q

describe the job of:

Beta 1 adrenergic receptors

A
  • increases heart rate, lipolysis, contractility, and renin
20
Q

describe the job of:

Beta 2 adrenergic receptors

A
  • vasodilation
  • decreases peripheral resistance
21
Q

T/F: Beta 1 adrenergic receptors increase the calcium in the cell

22
Q

what nerves are afferent to the CNS from the heart

A

CN 10 and 11

23
Q

what nerves are efferent to the CNS for the heart

A

CN 10 and sympathetic trunk

24
Q

what senses blood pressure changes

A

aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors

25
an increase in baroreceptor stretch and vagal response has what effect of HR and BP
decreases
26
loss of blood volume will result in what on ECG
sinus tachycardia (increased HR)
27
parasympathetic stimulation will result in what on ECG
sinus bradycardia
28
T/F: aortic baroreceptors have a greater interval of pressure they can detect than carotid baroreceptors
FALSE
29
T/F: the minimum perfusion pressure is 50-60 mmHg
TRUE
30
how does the juxtaglomerular sense blood volume change, and what is the action?
senses sodium delivery and stretch and activates RAAS
31
T/F: RAAS activation must have a healthy heart to be efficient
TRUE
32
T/F: ACE inhibitors decrease coughing
FALSE
33
what senses changes to blood volume
1. juxtaglomerular apparatus 2. atrial stretch receptors
34
what is the action of atrial stretch receptors
ANP/BNP release to act as a diuretic
35
what are 3 things that control blood pressure and volume at the local level
1. pH 2. oxygenation 3. endothelin/nitric oxide
36
what determines stroke volume
1. preload 2. afterload 3. contractility
37
what are qualitative indicators of preload
1. pulmonary vein size 2. caval size 3. ventricular stretch
38
what are quantitative indicators of preload
1. diastolic wall tension and ventricular pressure 2. left atrial, pulmonary capillary wedge, and central venous pressure
39
what are qualitative indicators of afterload
1. resistance 2. body response to disease
40
what are quantitative indicators of afterload
1. peak systolic wall tension 2. systemic/pulmonary vascular resistance/impedance
41
what are qualitative indicators of contractility
body response to disease
42
what are quantitative indicators of contractility
1. LV ejection fraction 2. LV peak pressure