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2 - Form & Function > Lecture 15 - Control Regulation of Cardiac Output > Flashcards

Lecture 15 - Control Regulation of Cardiac Output Flashcards

1
Q

Negative feedback systems

A

response to a disturbance in the opposite direction of the disturbance

ex: blood pressure, insulin

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2
Q

Positive feedback systems

A

response to a disturbance in the same direction of the disturbance

ex: blood clotting, parturition

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3
Q

what controls cardiac output

A

heart rate and stroke volume

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4
Q

arterial blood pressure is controlled by

A

arteriole diameter

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5
Q

blood volume is controlled by

A

receptors in the kidney, brain, and heart

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6
Q

what is the set point of cardiac output

A

150 mL/kg/min

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7
Q

what is the set point for stroke volume

A

1.5 mL/kg

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8
Q

what is the set point for blood volume

A

80 mL/kg of body weight

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9
Q

what happens to flow if:

pressure between two points increases

A

increases

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10
Q

what happens to flow if:

radius increases

A

increases

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11
Q

what happens to flow if:

viscosity increases

A

decreases

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12
Q

what happens to flow if:

length of vasculature increases

A

decreases

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13
Q

radius of vasculature is controlled by

A

smooth muscle cells

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14
Q

where does the largest drop in pressure occur in the systemic flow of blood

A

at arterioles

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15
Q

T/F: velocity is inversely proportional to cross-sectional area of vasculature

A

TRUE

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16
Q

Acetylcholine is a ______ inotrope and chronotrope

negative or positive

A

negative

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17
Q

describe the job of:

Alpha 1 adrenergic receptor

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • increase peripheral resistance and BP
18
Q

describe the job of:

Alpha 2 adrenergic receptor

A
  • inhibits norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and insulin release
19
Q

describe the job of:

Beta 1 adrenergic receptors

A
  • increases heart rate, lipolysis, contractility, and renin
20
Q

describe the job of:

Beta 2 adrenergic receptors

A
  • vasodilation
  • decreases peripheral resistance
21
Q

T/F: Beta 1 adrenergic receptors increase the calcium in the cell

A

TRUE

22
Q

what nerves are afferent to the CNS from the heart

A

CN 10 and 11

23
Q

what nerves are efferent to the CNS for the heart

A

CN 10 and sympathetic trunk

24
Q

what senses blood pressure changes

A

aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors

25
Q

an increase in baroreceptor stretch and vagal response has what effect of HR and BP

A

decreases

26
Q

loss of blood volume will result in what on ECG

A

sinus tachycardia (increased HR)

27
Q

parasympathetic stimulation will result in what on ECG

A

sinus bradycardia

28
Q

T/F: aortic baroreceptors have a greater interval of pressure they can detect than carotid baroreceptors

A

FALSE

29
Q

T/F: the minimum perfusion pressure is 50-60 mmHg

A

TRUE

30
Q

how does the juxtaglomerular sense blood volume change, and what is the action?

A

senses sodium delivery and stretch and activates RAAS

31
Q

T/F: RAAS activation must have a healthy heart to be efficient

A

TRUE

32
Q

T/F: ACE inhibitors decrease coughing

A

FALSE

33
Q

what senses changes to blood volume

A
  1. juxtaglomerular apparatus
  2. atrial stretch receptors
34
Q

what is the action of atrial stretch receptors

A

ANP/BNP release to act as a diuretic

35
Q

what are 3 things that control blood pressure and volume at the local level

A
  1. pH
  2. oxygenation
  3. endothelin/nitric oxide
36
Q

what determines stroke volume

A
  1. preload
  2. afterload
  3. contractility
37
Q

what are qualitative indicators of preload

A
  1. pulmonary vein size
  2. caval size
  3. ventricular stretch
38
Q

what are quantitative indicators of preload

A
  1. diastolic wall tension and ventricular pressure
  2. left atrial, pulmonary capillary wedge, and central venous pressure
39
Q

what are qualitative indicators of afterload

A
  1. resistance
  2. body response to disease
40
Q

what are quantitative indicators of afterload

A
  1. peak systolic wall tension
  2. systemic/pulmonary vascular resistance/impedance
41
Q

what are qualitative indicators of contractility

A

body response to disease

42
Q

what are quantitative indicators of contractility

A
  1. LV ejection fraction
  2. LV peak pressure

2 - Form & Function (21 decks)

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