Lecture 28 - Ungulate URT 2 & LRT 1

Question 1

what are the 3 divisions of the pharynx

Answer 1

1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx

Question 2

what are the boundaries of the nasopharynx

Answer 2

choanae to palatopharyngeal arches; dorsal to soft palate

Question 3

describe the inter-pharyngeal ostium

Answer 3

the palatopharyngeal arches and the caudal border of the soft palate

Question 4

what is the importance of the inter-pharyngeal ostium in the horse

Answer 4

determines that horses are obligate nasal breathers due to seal made by rostral larynx and nasopharynx

Question 5

T/F: the pharynx is considered the crossroads of the digestive and respiratory pathways

Answer 5

TRUE

Question 6

what are the boundaries of the oropharynx

Answer 6

palatoglossal arches to base of epiglottis; ventral to soft palate

Question 7

what are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx

Answer 7

palatopharyngeal arches/base of epiglottis to beginning of esophagus

Question 8

what anatomical structure is present in the ruminant and pig to divide the nasopharynx

Answer 8

pharyngeal septum

Question 9

the pig has a _____ septum while ruminants have ____ septums

Answer 9

complete; incomplete

Question 10

pharyngeal recess

Answer 10

blind-ended extension of the nasopharynx

Question 11

regarding pharyngeal anatomy:

a. ruminants have a pharyngeal diverticulum
b. the donkey’s pharyngeal recess is shallower than the horse
c. the oropharynx ends are the palatopharyngeal arches
d. the intrapharyngeal ostium is between the nasopharynx and laryngopharynx

Answer 11

d

Question 12

T/F: horses have an elongated pharyngeal recess compared to donkeys

Answer 12

FALSE

Question 13

what is the function of the larynx

Answer 13

1. contain voice box
2. conduct air from pharynx to trachea
3. protects lower airway from entry of foreign bodies during swallowing

Question 14

where do arytenoid cartilage pivot to open or close the glottis

Answer 14

cricoarytenoid joint

Question 15

what 4 cartilages make up the larynx

Answer 15

1. epiglottic
2. arytenoid
3. thyroid
4. cricoid

Question 16

what is the narrowest part of the larynx? what is the significance?

Answer 16

glottic cleft; determines max airflow and size of endotracheal tube

Question 17

what makes up the glottis

Answer 17

arytenoid cartilage + vocal fold + rima glottis

Question 18

the laryngeal ventricle is present in what ungulates

Answer 18

horse and pig

Question 19

the ox does not have what two anatomical structures of the larynx

Answer 19

1. laryngeal ventricle
2. vestibular folds

Question 20

what provides entrance to the laryngeal ventricle in pigs

Answer 20

split in vocal fold

Question 21

what ligament is incised to access the lumen of the larynx in a ventral laryngotomy

Answer 21

cricothyroid ligament

Question 22

what is the abductor muscle of the larynx

Answer 22

CAD

Question 23

what innervates CAD

Answer 23

caudal laryngeal n.

Question 24

what innervates cricothyroideus

Answer 24

cranial laryngeal n.

Question 25

describe recurrent laryngeal neuropathy

Answer 25

• Dysfunctional nerves result in paralysis of CAD m.
• no abduction of arytenoid on affected side
• causes laryngeal hemiplegia

Question 26

what term is associated with horses that have laryngeal hemiplegia

Answer 26

“roarers”

Question 27

T/F: Left recurrent n. paralysis is more common than right

Answer 27

TRUE

Question 28

describe a tieback procedure

Answer 28

place sutures at attachments of CAD to stimulate muscle function

Question 29

in dogs the tracheal mm. is found _____ the cartilaginous rings

Answer 29

outside

Question 30

describe a tracheotomy

Answer 30

performed to provide an emergency airway

1. skin incision
2. SQ tissue
3. sternohyoideus m.
4. deep fascia
5. horizontally incise annular l
6. insert tube

Question 31

describe the path of nasotracheal intubation

Answer 31

1. nostril
2. nasal vestibule
3. ventral nasal meatus
4. nasopharynx
5. larynx
6. trachea