Lecture 28 - Ungulate URT 2 & LRT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the pharynx

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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2
Q

what are the boundaries of the nasopharynx

A

choanae to palatopharyngeal arches; dorsal to soft palate

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3
Q

describe the inter-pharyngeal ostium

A

the palatopharyngeal arches and the caudal border of the soft palate

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4
Q

what is the importance of the inter-pharyngeal ostium in the horse

A

determines that horses are obligate nasal breathers due to seal made by rostral larynx and nasopharynx

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5
Q

T/F: the pharynx is considered the crossroads of the digestive and respiratory pathways

A

TRUE

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6
Q

what are the boundaries of the oropharynx

A

palatoglossal arches to base of epiglottis; ventral to soft palate

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7
Q

what are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx

A

palatopharyngeal arches/base of epiglottis to beginning of esophagus

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8
Q

what anatomical structure is present in the ruminant and pig to divide the nasopharynx

A

pharyngeal septum

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9
Q

the pig has a _____ septum while ruminants have ____ septums

A

complete; incomplete

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10
Q

pharyngeal recess

A

blind-ended extension of the nasopharynx

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11
Q

regarding pharyngeal anatomy:

a. ruminants have a pharyngeal diverticulum
b. the donkey’s pharyngeal recess is shallower than the horse
c. the oropharynx ends are the palatopharyngeal arches
d. the intrapharyngeal ostium is between the nasopharynx and laryngopharynx

A

d

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12
Q

T/F: horses have an elongated pharyngeal recess compared to donkeys

A

FALSE

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13
Q

what is the function of the larynx

A
  1. contain voice box
  2. conduct air from pharynx to trachea
  3. protects lower airway from entry of foreign bodies during swallowing
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14
Q

where do arytenoid cartilage pivot to open or close the glottis

A

cricoarytenoid joint

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15
Q

what 4 cartilages make up the larynx

A
  1. epiglottic
  2. arytenoid
  3. thyroid
  4. cricoid
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16
Q

what is the narrowest part of the larynx? what is the significance?

A

glottic cleft; determines max airflow and size of endotracheal tube

17
Q

what makes up the glottis

A

arytenoid cartilage + vocal fold + rima glottis

18
Q

the laryngeal ventricle is present in what ungulates

A

horse and pig

19
Q

the ox does not have what two anatomical structures of the larynx

A
  1. laryngeal ventricle
  2. vestibular folds
20
Q

what provides entrance to the laryngeal ventricle in pigs

A

split in vocal fold

21
Q

what ligament is incised to access the lumen of the larynx in a ventral laryngotomy

A

cricothyroid ligament

22
Q

what is the abductor muscle of the larynx

23
Q

what innervates CAD

A

caudal laryngeal n.

24
Q

what innervates cricothyroideus

A

cranial laryngeal n.

25
describe recurrent laryngeal neuropathy
- Dysfunctional nerves result in paralysis of CAD m. - no abduction of arytenoid on affected side - causes laryngeal hemiplegia
26
what term is associated with horses that have laryngeal hemiplegia
"roarers"
27
T/F: Left recurrent n. paralysis is more common than right
TRUE
28
describe a tieback procedure
place sutures at attachments of CAD to stimulate muscle function
29
in dogs the tracheal mm. is found _____ the cartilaginous rings
outside
30
describe a tracheotomy
performed to provide an emergency airway 1. skin incision 2. SQ tissue 3. sternohyoideus m. 4. deep fascia 5. horizontally incise annular l 6. insert tube
31
describe the path of nasotracheal intubation
1. nostril 2. nasal vestibule 3. ventral nasal meatus 4. nasopharynx 5. larynx 6. trachea